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Ivan
2022-04-05 11:42:28 +03:00
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239
thirdparty/Pangolin/external/pybind11/tests/CMakeLists.txt vendored Normal file
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# CMakeLists.txt -- Build system for the pybind11 test suite
#
# Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
#
# All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
# BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
option(PYBIND11_WERROR "Report all warnings as errors" OFF)
if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
# We're being loaded directly, i.e. not via add_subdirectory, so make this
# work as its own project and load the pybind11Config to get the tools we need
project(pybind11_tests CXX)
find_package(pybind11 REQUIRED CONFIG)
endif()
if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
message(STATUS "Setting tests build type to MinSizeRel as none was specified")
set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MinSizeRel CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build." FORCE)
set_property(CACHE CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE PROPERTY STRINGS "Debug" "Release"
"MinSizeRel" "RelWithDebInfo")
endif()
# Full set of test files (you can override these; see below)
set(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES
test_buffers.cpp
test_builtin_casters.cpp
test_call_policies.cpp
test_callbacks.cpp
test_chrono.cpp
test_class.cpp
test_constants_and_functions.cpp
test_copy_move.cpp
test_docstring_options.cpp
test_eigen.cpp
test_enum.cpp
test_eval.cpp
test_exceptions.cpp
test_factory_constructors.cpp
test_gil_scoped.cpp
test_iostream.cpp
test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
test_local_bindings.cpp
test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
test_modules.cpp
test_multiple_inheritance.cpp
test_numpy_array.cpp
test_numpy_dtypes.cpp
test_numpy_vectorize.cpp
test_opaque_types.cpp
test_operator_overloading.cpp
test_pickling.cpp
test_pytypes.cpp
test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp
test_smart_ptr.cpp
test_stl.cpp
test_stl_binders.cpp
test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp
test_union.cpp
test_virtual_functions.cpp
)
# Invoking cmake with something like:
# cmake -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE="test_callbacks.cpp;test_picking.cpp" ..
# lets you override the tests that get compiled and run. You can restore to all tests with:
# cmake -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE= ..
if (PYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE)
set(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES ${PYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE})
endif()
string(REPLACE ".cpp" ".py" PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES "${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES}")
# Contains the set of test files that require pybind11_cross_module_tests to be
# built; if none of these are built (i.e. because TEST_OVERRIDE is used and
# doesn't include them) the second module doesn't get built.
set(PYBIND11_CROSS_MODULE_TESTS
test_exceptions.py
test_local_bindings.py
test_stl.py
test_stl_binders.py
)
# Check if Eigen is available; if not, remove from PYBIND11_TEST_FILES (but
# keep it in PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES, so that we get the "eigen is not installed"
# skip message).
list(FIND PYBIND11_TEST_FILES test_eigen.cpp PYBIND11_TEST_FILES_EIGEN_I)
if(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES_EIGEN_I GREATER -1)
# Try loading via newer Eigen's Eigen3Config first (bypassing tools/FindEigen3.cmake).
# Eigen 3.3.1+ exports a cmake 3.0+ target for handling dependency requirements, but also
# produces a fatal error if loaded from a pre-3.0 cmake.
if (NOT CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.0)
find_package(Eigen3 3.2.7 QUIET CONFIG)
if (EIGEN3_FOUND)
if (EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING AND NOT EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING VERSION_LESS 3.3.1)
set(PYBIND11_EIGEN_VIA_TARGET 1)
endif()
endif()
endif()
if (NOT EIGEN3_FOUND)
# Couldn't load via target, so fall back to allowing module mode finding, which will pick up
# tools/FindEigen3.cmake
find_package(Eigen3 3.2.7 QUIET)
endif()
if(EIGEN3_FOUND)
# Eigen 3.3.1+ cmake sets EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING (and hard codes the version when installed
# rather than looking it up in the cmake script); older versions, and the
# tools/FindEigen3.cmake, set EIGEN3_VERSION instead.
if(NOT EIGEN3_VERSION AND EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING)
set(EIGEN3_VERSION ${EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING})
endif()
message(STATUS "Building tests with Eigen v${EIGEN3_VERSION}")
else()
list(REMOVE_AT PYBIND11_TEST_FILES ${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES_EIGEN_I})
message(STATUS "Building tests WITHOUT Eigen")
endif()
endif()
# Optional dependency for some tests (boost::variant is only supported with version >= 1.56)
find_package(Boost 1.56)
# Compile with compiler warnings turned on
function(pybind11_enable_warnings target_name)
if(MSVC)
target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE /W4)
elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "(GNU|Intel|Clang)")
target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE -Wall -Wextra -Wconversion -Wcast-qual -Wdeprecated)
endif()
if(PYBIND11_WERROR)
if(MSVC)
target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE /WX)
elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "(GNU|Intel|Clang)")
target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE -Werror)
endif()
endif()
endfunction()
set(test_targets pybind11_tests)
# Build pybind11_cross_module_tests if any test_whatever.py are being built that require it
foreach(t ${PYBIND11_CROSS_MODULE_TESTS})
list(FIND PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES ${t} i)
if (i GREATER -1)
list(APPEND test_targets pybind11_cross_module_tests)
break()
endif()
endforeach()
set(testdir ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
foreach(target ${test_targets})
set(test_files ${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES})
if(NOT target STREQUAL "pybind11_tests")
set(test_files "")
endif()
# Create the binding library
pybind11_add_module(${target} THIN_LTO ${target}.cpp ${test_files} ${PYBIND11_HEADERS})
pybind11_enable_warnings(${target})
if(MSVC)
target_compile_options(${target} PRIVATE /utf-8)
endif()
if(EIGEN3_FOUND)
if (PYBIND11_EIGEN_VIA_TARGET)
target_link_libraries(${target} PRIVATE Eigen3::Eigen)
else()
target_include_directories(${target} PRIVATE ${EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR})
endif()
target_compile_definitions(${target} PRIVATE -DPYBIND11_TEST_EIGEN)
endif()
if(Boost_FOUND)
target_include_directories(${target} PRIVATE ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS})
target_compile_definitions(${target} PRIVATE -DPYBIND11_TEST_BOOST)
endif()
# Always write the output file directly into the 'tests' directory (even on MSVC)
if(NOT CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
set_target_properties(${target} PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${testdir})
foreach(config ${CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES})
string(TOUPPER ${config} config)
set_target_properties(${target} PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${config} ${testdir})
endforeach()
endif()
endforeach()
# Make sure pytest is found or produce a fatal error
if(NOT PYBIND11_PYTEST_FOUND)
execute_process(COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -c "import pytest; print(pytest.__version__)"
RESULT_VARIABLE pytest_not_found OUTPUT_VARIABLE pytest_version ERROR_QUIET)
if(pytest_not_found)
message(FATAL_ERROR "Running the tests requires pytest. Please install it manually"
" (try: ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pip install pytest)")
elseif(pytest_version VERSION_LESS 3.0)
message(FATAL_ERROR "Running the tests requires pytest >= 3.0. Found: ${pytest_version}"
"Please update it (try: ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pip install -U pytest)")
endif()
set(PYBIND11_PYTEST_FOUND TRUE CACHE INTERNAL "")
endif()
if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.2)
set(PYBIND11_USES_TERMINAL "")
else()
set(PYBIND11_USES_TERMINAL "USES_TERMINAL")
endif()
# A single command to compile and run the tests
add_custom_target(pytest COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pytest ${PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES}
DEPENDS ${test_targets} WORKING_DIRECTORY ${testdir} ${PYBIND11_USES_TERMINAL})
if(PYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE)
add_custom_command(TARGET pytest POST_BUILD
COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E echo "Note: not all tests run: -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE is in effect")
endif()
# Add a check target to run all the tests, starting with pytest (we add dependencies to this below)
add_custom_target(check DEPENDS pytest)
# The remaining tests only apply when being built as part of the pybind11 project, but not if the
# tests are being built independently.
if (NOT PROJECT_NAME STREQUAL "pybind11")
return()
endif()
# Add a post-build comment to show the primary test suite .so size and, if a previous size, compare it:
add_custom_command(TARGET pybind11_tests POST_BUILD
COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/libsize.py
$<TARGET_FILE:pybind11_tests> ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/sosize-$<TARGET_FILE_NAME:pybind11_tests>.txt)
# Test embedding the interpreter. Provides the `cpptest` target.
add_subdirectory(test_embed)
# Test CMake build using functions and targets from subdirectory or installed location
add_subdirectory(test_cmake_build)

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thirdparty/Pangolin/external/pybind11/tests/conftest.py vendored Normal file
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"""pytest configuration
Extends output capture as needed by pybind11: ignore constructors, optional unordered lines.
Adds docstring and exceptions message sanitizers: ignore Python 2 vs 3 differences.
"""
import pytest
import textwrap
import difflib
import re
import sys
import contextlib
import platform
import gc
_unicode_marker = re.compile(r'u(\'[^\']*\')')
_long_marker = re.compile(r'([0-9])L')
_hexadecimal = re.compile(r'0x[0-9a-fA-F]+')
def _strip_and_dedent(s):
"""For triple-quote strings"""
return textwrap.dedent(s.lstrip('\n').rstrip())
def _split_and_sort(s):
"""For output which does not require specific line order"""
return sorted(_strip_and_dedent(s).splitlines())
def _make_explanation(a, b):
"""Explanation for a failed assert -- the a and b arguments are List[str]"""
return ["--- actual / +++ expected"] + [line.strip('\n') for line in difflib.ndiff(a, b)]
class Output(object):
"""Basic output post-processing and comparison"""
def __init__(self, string):
self.string = string
self.explanation = []
def __str__(self):
return self.string
def __eq__(self, other):
# Ignore constructor/destructor output which is prefixed with "###"
a = [line for line in self.string.strip().splitlines() if not line.startswith("###")]
b = _strip_and_dedent(other).splitlines()
if a == b:
return True
else:
self.explanation = _make_explanation(a, b)
return False
class Unordered(Output):
"""Custom comparison for output without strict line ordering"""
def __eq__(self, other):
a = _split_and_sort(self.string)
b = _split_and_sort(other)
if a == b:
return True
else:
self.explanation = _make_explanation(a, b)
return False
class Capture(object):
def __init__(self, capfd):
self.capfd = capfd
self.out = ""
self.err = ""
def __enter__(self):
self.capfd.readouterr()
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
self.out, self.err = self.capfd.readouterr()
def __eq__(self, other):
a = Output(self.out)
b = other
if a == b:
return True
else:
self.explanation = a.explanation
return False
def __str__(self):
return self.out
def __contains__(self, item):
return item in self.out
@property
def unordered(self):
return Unordered(self.out)
@property
def stderr(self):
return Output(self.err)
@pytest.fixture
def capture(capsys):
"""Extended `capsys` with context manager and custom equality operators"""
return Capture(capsys)
class SanitizedString(object):
def __init__(self, sanitizer):
self.sanitizer = sanitizer
self.string = ""
self.explanation = []
def __call__(self, thing):
self.string = self.sanitizer(thing)
return self
def __eq__(self, other):
a = self.string
b = _strip_and_dedent(other)
if a == b:
return True
else:
self.explanation = _make_explanation(a.splitlines(), b.splitlines())
return False
def _sanitize_general(s):
s = s.strip()
s = s.replace("pybind11_tests.", "m.")
s = s.replace("unicode", "str")
s = _long_marker.sub(r"\1", s)
s = _unicode_marker.sub(r"\1", s)
return s
def _sanitize_docstring(thing):
s = thing.__doc__
s = _sanitize_general(s)
return s
@pytest.fixture
def doc():
"""Sanitize docstrings and add custom failure explanation"""
return SanitizedString(_sanitize_docstring)
def _sanitize_message(thing):
s = str(thing)
s = _sanitize_general(s)
s = _hexadecimal.sub("0", s)
return s
@pytest.fixture
def msg():
"""Sanitize messages and add custom failure explanation"""
return SanitizedString(_sanitize_message)
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right):
"""Hook to insert custom failure explanation"""
if hasattr(left, 'explanation'):
return left.explanation
@contextlib.contextmanager
def suppress(exception):
"""Suppress the desired exception"""
try:
yield
except exception:
pass
def gc_collect():
''' Run the garbage collector twice (needed when running
reference counting tests with PyPy) '''
gc.collect()
gc.collect()
def pytest_configure():
"""Add import suppression and test requirements to `pytest` namespace"""
try:
import numpy as np
except ImportError:
np = None
try:
import scipy
except ImportError:
scipy = None
try:
from pybind11_tests.eigen import have_eigen
except ImportError:
have_eigen = False
pypy = platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy"
skipif = pytest.mark.skipif
pytest.suppress = suppress
pytest.requires_numpy = skipif(not np, reason="numpy is not installed")
pytest.requires_scipy = skipif(not np, reason="scipy is not installed")
pytest.requires_eigen_and_numpy = skipif(not have_eigen or not np,
reason="eigen and/or numpy are not installed")
pytest.requires_eigen_and_scipy = skipif(
not have_eigen or not scipy, reason="eigen and/or scipy are not installed")
pytest.unsupported_on_pypy = skipif(pypy, reason="unsupported on PyPy")
pytest.unsupported_on_py2 = skipif(sys.version_info.major < 3,
reason="unsupported on Python 2.x")
pytest.gc_collect = gc_collect
def _test_import_pybind11():
"""Early diagnostic for test module initialization errors
When there is an error during initialization, the first import will report the
real error while all subsequent imports will report nonsense. This import test
is done early (in the pytest configuration file, before any tests) in order to
avoid the noise of having all tests fail with identical error messages.
Any possible exception is caught here and reported manually *without* the stack
trace. This further reduces noise since the trace would only show pytest internals
which are not useful for debugging pybind11 module issues.
"""
# noinspection PyBroadException
try:
import pybind11_tests # noqa: F401 imported but unused
except Exception as e:
print("Failed to import pybind11_tests from pytest:")
print(" {}: {}".format(type(e).__name__, e))
sys.exit(1)
_test_import_pybind11()

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thirdparty/Pangolin/external/pybind11/tests/constructor_stats.h vendored Normal file
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#pragma once
/*
tests/constructor_stats.h -- framework for printing and tracking object
instance lifetimes in example/test code.
Copyright (c) 2016 Jason Rhinelander <jason@imaginary.ca>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
This header provides a few useful tools for writing examples or tests that want to check and/or
display object instance lifetimes. It requires that you include this header and add the following
function calls to constructors:
class MyClass {
MyClass() { ...; print_default_created(this); }
~MyClass() { ...; print_destroyed(this); }
MyClass(const MyClass &c) { ...; print_copy_created(this); }
MyClass(MyClass &&c) { ...; print_move_created(this); }
MyClass(int a, int b) { ...; print_created(this, a, b); }
MyClass &operator=(const MyClass &c) { ...; print_copy_assigned(this); }
MyClass &operator=(MyClass &&c) { ...; print_move_assigned(this); }
...
}
You can find various examples of these in several of the existing testing .cpp files. (Of course
you don't need to add any of the above constructors/operators that you don't actually have, except
for the destructor).
Each of these will print an appropriate message such as:
### MyClass @ 0x2801910 created via default constructor
### MyClass @ 0x27fa780 created 100 200
### MyClass @ 0x2801910 destroyed
### MyClass @ 0x27fa780 destroyed
You can also include extra arguments (such as the 100, 200 in the output above, coming from the
value constructor) for all of the above methods which will be included in the output.
For testing, each of these also keeps track the created instances and allows you to check how many
of the various constructors have been invoked from the Python side via code such as:
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(MyClass)
print(cstats.alive())
print(cstats.default_constructions)
Note that `.alive()` should usually be the first thing you call as it invokes Python's garbage
collector to actually destroy objects that aren't yet referenced.
For everything except copy and move constructors and destructors, any extra values given to the
print_...() function is stored in a class-specific values list which you can retrieve and inspect
from the ConstructorStats instance `.values()` method.
In some cases, when you need to track instances of a C++ class not registered with pybind11, you
need to add a function returning the ConstructorStats for the C++ class; this can be done with:
m.def("get_special_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<SpecialClass>, py::return_value_policy::reference)
Finally, you can suppress the output messages, but keep the constructor tracking (for
inspection/testing in python) by using the functions with `print_` replaced with `track_` (e.g.
`track_copy_created(this)`).
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <unordered_map>
#include <list>
#include <typeindex>
#include <sstream>
class ConstructorStats {
protected:
std::unordered_map<void*, int> _instances; // Need a map rather than set because members can shared address with parents
std::list<std::string> _values; // Used to track values (e.g. of value constructors)
public:
int default_constructions = 0;
int copy_constructions = 0;
int move_constructions = 0;
int copy_assignments = 0;
int move_assignments = 0;
void copy_created(void *inst) {
created(inst);
copy_constructions++;
}
void move_created(void *inst) {
created(inst);
move_constructions++;
}
void default_created(void *inst) {
created(inst);
default_constructions++;
}
void created(void *inst) {
++_instances[inst];
}
void destroyed(void *inst) {
if (--_instances[inst] < 0)
throw std::runtime_error("cstats.destroyed() called with unknown "
"instance; potential double-destruction "
"or a missing cstats.created()");
}
static void gc() {
// Force garbage collection to ensure any pending destructors are invoked:
#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
PyObject *globals = PyEval_GetGlobals();
PyObject *result = PyRun_String(
"import gc\n"
"for i in range(2):"
" gc.collect()\n",
Py_file_input, globals, globals);
if (result == nullptr)
throw py::error_already_set();
Py_DECREF(result);
#else
py::module::import("gc").attr("collect")();
#endif
}
int alive() {
gc();
int total = 0;
for (const auto &p : _instances)
if (p.second > 0)
total += p.second;
return total;
}
void value() {} // Recursion terminator
// Takes one or more values, converts them to strings, then stores them.
template <typename T, typename... Tmore> void value(const T &v, Tmore &&...args) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << v;
_values.push_back(oss.str());
value(std::forward<Tmore>(args)...);
}
// Move out stored values
py::list values() {
py::list l;
for (const auto &v : _values) l.append(py::cast(v));
_values.clear();
return l;
}
// Gets constructor stats from a C++ type index
static ConstructorStats& get(std::type_index type) {
static std::unordered_map<std::type_index, ConstructorStats> all_cstats;
return all_cstats[type];
}
// Gets constructor stats from a C++ type
template <typename T> static ConstructorStats& get() {
#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
gc();
#endif
return get(typeid(T));
}
// Gets constructor stats from a Python class
static ConstructorStats& get(py::object class_) {
auto &internals = py::detail::get_internals();
const std::type_index *t1 = nullptr, *t2 = nullptr;
try {
auto *type_info = internals.registered_types_py.at((PyTypeObject *) class_.ptr()).at(0);
for (auto &p : internals.registered_types_cpp) {
if (p.second == type_info) {
if (t1) {
t2 = &p.first;
break;
}
t1 = &p.first;
}
}
}
catch (const std::out_of_range &) {}
if (!t1) throw std::runtime_error("Unknown class passed to ConstructorStats::get()");
auto &cs1 = get(*t1);
// If we have both a t1 and t2 match, one is probably the trampoline class; return whichever
// has more constructions (typically one or the other will be 0)
if (t2) {
auto &cs2 = get(*t2);
int cs1_total = cs1.default_constructions + cs1.copy_constructions + cs1.move_constructions + (int) cs1._values.size();
int cs2_total = cs2.default_constructions + cs2.copy_constructions + cs2.move_constructions + (int) cs2._values.size();
if (cs2_total > cs1_total) return cs2;
}
return cs1;
}
};
// To track construction/destruction, you need to call these methods from the various
// constructors/operators. The ones that take extra values record the given values in the
// constructor stats values for later inspection.
template <class T> void track_copy_created(T *inst) { ConstructorStats::get<T>().copy_created(inst); }
template <class T> void track_move_created(T *inst) { ConstructorStats::get<T>().move_created(inst); }
template <class T, typename... Values> void track_copy_assigned(T *, Values &&...values) {
auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
cst.copy_assignments++;
cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void track_move_assigned(T *, Values &&...values) {
auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
cst.move_assignments++;
cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void track_default_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
cst.default_created(inst);
cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void track_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
cst.created(inst);
cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void track_destroyed(T *inst) {
ConstructorStats::get<T>().destroyed(inst);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void track_values(T *, Values &&...values) {
ConstructorStats::get<T>().value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
}
/// Don't cast pointers to Python, print them as strings
inline const char *format_ptrs(const char *p) { return p; }
template <typename T>
py::str format_ptrs(T *p) { return "{:#x}"_s.format(reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p)); }
template <typename T>
auto format_ptrs(T &&x) -> decltype(std::forward<T>(x)) { return std::forward<T>(x); }
template <class T, typename... Output>
void print_constr_details(T *inst, const std::string &action, Output &&...output) {
py::print("###", py::type_id<T>(), "@", format_ptrs(inst), action,
format_ptrs(std::forward<Output>(output))...);
}
// Verbose versions of the above:
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_copy_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) { // NB: this prints, but doesn't store, given values
print_constr_details(inst, "created via copy constructor", values...);
track_copy_created(inst);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_move_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) { // NB: this prints, but doesn't store, given values
print_constr_details(inst, "created via move constructor", values...);
track_move_created(inst);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_copy_assigned(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
print_constr_details(inst, "assigned via copy assignment", values...);
track_copy_assigned(inst, values...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_move_assigned(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
print_constr_details(inst, "assigned via move assignment", values...);
track_move_assigned(inst, values...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_default_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
print_constr_details(inst, "created via default constructor", values...);
track_default_created(inst, values...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
print_constr_details(inst, "created", values...);
track_created(inst, values...);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_destroyed(T *inst, Values &&...values) { // Prints but doesn't store given values
print_constr_details(inst, "destroyed", values...);
track_destroyed(inst);
}
template <class T, typename... Values> void print_values(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
print_constr_details(inst, ":", values...);
track_values(inst, values...);
}

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#pragma once
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
/// Simple class used to test py::local:
template <int> class LocalBase {
public:
LocalBase(int i) : i(i) { }
int i = -1;
};
/// Registered with py::module_local in both main and secondary modules:
using LocalType = LocalBase<0>;
/// Registered without py::module_local in both modules:
using NonLocalType = LocalBase<1>;
/// A second non-local type (for stl_bind tests):
using NonLocal2 = LocalBase<2>;
/// Tests within-module, different-compilation-unit local definition conflict:
using LocalExternal = LocalBase<3>;
/// Mixed: registered local first, then global
using MixedLocalGlobal = LocalBase<4>;
/// Mixed: global first, then local
using MixedGlobalLocal = LocalBase<5>;
/// Registered with py::module_local only in the secondary module:
using ExternalType1 = LocalBase<6>;
using ExternalType2 = LocalBase<7>;
using LocalVec = std::vector<LocalType>;
using LocalVec2 = std::vector<NonLocal2>;
using LocalMap = std::unordered_map<std::string, LocalType>;
using NonLocalVec = std::vector<NonLocalType>;
using NonLocalVec2 = std::vector<NonLocal2>;
using NonLocalMap = std::unordered_map<std::string, NonLocalType>;
using NonLocalMap2 = std::unordered_map<std::string, uint8_t>;
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(LocalVec);
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(LocalVec2);
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(LocalMap);
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(NonLocalVec);
//PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(NonLocalVec2); // same type as LocalVec2
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(NonLocalMap);
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(NonLocalMap2);
// Simple bindings (used with the above):
template <typename T, int Adjust = 0, typename... Args>
py::class_<T> bind_local(Args && ...args) {
return py::class_<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...)
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("get", [](T &i) { return i.i + Adjust; });
};
// Simulate a foreign library base class (to match the example in the docs):
namespace pets {
class Pet {
public:
Pet(std::string name) : name_(name) {}
std::string name_;
const std::string &name() { return name_; }
};
}
struct MixGL { int i; MixGL(int i) : i{i} {} };
struct MixGL2 { int i; MixGL2(int i) : i{i} {} };

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#if !defined(__OBJECT_H)
#define __OBJECT_H
#include <atomic>
#include "constructor_stats.h"
/// Reference counted object base class
class Object {
public:
/// Default constructor
Object() { print_default_created(this); }
/// Copy constructor
Object(const Object &) : m_refCount(0) { print_copy_created(this); }
/// Return the current reference count
int getRefCount() const { return m_refCount; };
/// Increase the object's reference count by one
void incRef() const { ++m_refCount; }
/** \brief Decrease the reference count of
* the object and possibly deallocate it.
*
* The object will automatically be deallocated once
* the reference count reaches zero.
*/
void decRef(bool dealloc = true) const {
--m_refCount;
if (m_refCount == 0 && dealloc)
delete this;
else if (m_refCount < 0)
throw std::runtime_error("Internal error: reference count < 0!");
}
virtual std::string toString() const = 0;
protected:
/** \brief Virtual protected deconstructor.
* (Will only be called by \ref ref)
*/
virtual ~Object() { print_destroyed(this); }
private:
mutable std::atomic<int> m_refCount { 0 };
};
// Tag class used to track constructions of ref objects. When we track constructors, below, we
// track and print out the actual class (e.g. ref<MyObject>), and *also* add a fake tracker for
// ref_tag. This lets us check that the total number of ref<Anything> constructors/destructors is
// correct without having to check each individual ref<Whatever> type individually.
class ref_tag {};
/**
* \brief Reference counting helper
*
* The \a ref refeference template is a simple wrapper to store a
* pointer to an object. It takes care of increasing and decreasing
* the reference count of the object. When the last reference goes
* out of scope, the associated object will be deallocated.
*
* \ingroup libcore
*/
template <typename T> class ref {
public:
/// Create a nullptr reference
ref() : m_ptr(nullptr) { print_default_created(this); track_default_created((ref_tag*) this); }
/// Construct a reference from a pointer
ref(T *ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) {
if (m_ptr) ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
print_created(this, "from pointer", m_ptr); track_created((ref_tag*) this, "from pointer");
}
/// Copy constructor
ref(const ref &r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
if (m_ptr)
((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
print_copy_created(this, "with pointer", m_ptr); track_copy_created((ref_tag*) this);
}
/// Move constructor
ref(ref &&r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
r.m_ptr = nullptr;
print_move_created(this, "with pointer", m_ptr); track_move_created((ref_tag*) this);
}
/// Destroy this reference
~ref() {
if (m_ptr)
((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
print_destroyed(this); track_destroyed((ref_tag*) this);
}
/// Move another reference into the current one
ref& operator=(ref&& r) {
print_move_assigned(this, "pointer", r.m_ptr); track_move_assigned((ref_tag*) this);
if (*this == r)
return *this;
if (m_ptr)
((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
m_ptr = r.m_ptr;
r.m_ptr = nullptr;
return *this;
}
/// Overwrite this reference with another reference
ref& operator=(const ref& r) {
print_copy_assigned(this, "pointer", r.m_ptr); track_copy_assigned((ref_tag*) this);
if (m_ptr == r.m_ptr)
return *this;
if (m_ptr)
((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
m_ptr = r.m_ptr;
if (m_ptr)
((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
return *this;
}
/// Overwrite this reference with a pointer to another object
ref& operator=(T *ptr) {
print_values(this, "assigned pointer"); track_values((ref_tag*) this, "assigned pointer");
if (m_ptr == ptr)
return *this;
if (m_ptr)
((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
m_ptr = ptr;
if (m_ptr)
((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
return *this;
}
/// Compare this reference with another reference
bool operator==(const ref &r) const { return m_ptr == r.m_ptr; }
/// Compare this reference with another reference
bool operator!=(const ref &r) const { return m_ptr != r.m_ptr; }
/// Compare this reference with a pointer
bool operator==(const T* ptr) const { return m_ptr == ptr; }
/// Compare this reference with a pointer
bool operator!=(const T* ptr) const { return m_ptr != ptr; }
/// Access the object referenced by this reference
T* operator->() { return m_ptr; }
/// Access the object referenced by this reference
const T* operator->() const { return m_ptr; }
/// Return a C++ reference to the referenced object
T& operator*() { return *m_ptr; }
/// Return a const C++ reference to the referenced object
const T& operator*() const { return *m_ptr; }
/// Return a pointer to the referenced object
operator T* () { return m_ptr; }
/// Return a const pointer to the referenced object
T* get_ptr() { return m_ptr; }
/// Return a pointer to the referenced object
const T* get_ptr() const { return m_ptr; }
private:
T *m_ptr;
};
#endif /* __OBJECT_H */

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/*
tests/pybind11_cross_module_tests.cpp -- contains tests that require multiple modules
Copyright (c) 2017 Jason Rhinelander <jason@imaginary.ca>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "local_bindings.h"
#include <pybind11/stl_bind.h>
#include <numeric>
PYBIND11_MODULE(pybind11_cross_module_tests, m) {
m.doc() = "pybind11 cross-module test module";
// test_local_bindings.py tests:
//
// Definitions here are tested by importing both this module and the
// relevant pybind11_tests submodule from a test_whatever.py
// test_load_external
bind_local<ExternalType1>(m, "ExternalType1", py::module_local());
bind_local<ExternalType2>(m, "ExternalType2", py::module_local());
// test_exceptions.py
m.def("raise_runtime_error", []() { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "My runtime error"); throw py::error_already_set(); });
m.def("raise_value_error", []() { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "My value error"); throw py::error_already_set(); });
m.def("throw_pybind_value_error", []() { throw py::value_error("pybind11 value error"); });
m.def("throw_pybind_type_error", []() { throw py::type_error("pybind11 type error"); });
m.def("throw_stop_iteration", []() { throw py::stop_iteration(); });
// test_local_bindings.py
// Local to both:
bind_local<LocalType, 1>(m, "LocalType", py::module_local())
.def("get2", [](LocalType &t) { return t.i + 2; })
;
// Can only be called with our python type:
m.def("local_value", [](LocalType &l) { return l.i; });
// test_nonlocal_failure
// This registration will fail (global registration when LocalFail is already registered
// globally in the main test module):
m.def("register_nonlocal", [m]() {
bind_local<NonLocalType, 0>(m, "NonLocalType");
});
// test_stl_bind_local
// stl_bind.h binders defaults to py::module_local if the types are local or converting:
py::bind_vector<LocalVec>(m, "LocalVec");
py::bind_map<LocalMap>(m, "LocalMap");
// test_stl_bind_global
// and global if the type (or one of the types, for the map) is global (so these will fail,
// assuming pybind11_tests is already loaded):
m.def("register_nonlocal_vec", [m]() {
py::bind_vector<NonLocalVec>(m, "NonLocalVec");
});
m.def("register_nonlocal_map", [m]() {
py::bind_map<NonLocalMap>(m, "NonLocalMap");
});
// The default can, however, be overridden to global using `py::module_local()` or
// `py::module_local(false)`.
// Explicitly made local:
py::bind_vector<NonLocalVec2>(m, "NonLocalVec2", py::module_local());
// Explicitly made global (and so will fail to bind):
m.def("register_nonlocal_map2", [m]() {
py::bind_map<NonLocalMap2>(m, "NonLocalMap2", py::module_local(false));
});
// test_mixed_local_global
// We try this both with the global type registered first and vice versa (the order shouldn't
// matter).
m.def("register_mixed_global_local", [m]() {
bind_local<MixedGlobalLocal, 200>(m, "MixedGlobalLocal", py::module_local());
});
m.def("register_mixed_local_global", [m]() {
bind_local<MixedLocalGlobal, 2000>(m, "MixedLocalGlobal", py::module_local(false));
});
m.def("get_mixed_gl", [](int i) { return MixedGlobalLocal(i); });
m.def("get_mixed_lg", [](int i) { return MixedLocalGlobal(i); });
// test_internal_locals_differ
m.def("local_cpp_types_addr", []() { return (uintptr_t) &py::detail::registered_local_types_cpp(); });
// test_stl_caster_vs_stl_bind
py::bind_vector<std::vector<int>>(m, "VectorInt");
m.def("load_vector_via_binding", [](std::vector<int> &v) {
return std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0);
});
// test_cross_module_calls
m.def("return_self", [](LocalVec *v) { return v; });
m.def("return_copy", [](const LocalVec &v) { return LocalVec(v); });
class Dog : public pets::Pet { public: Dog(std::string name) : Pet(name) {}; };
py::class_<pets::Pet>(m, "Pet", py::module_local())
.def("name", &pets::Pet::name);
// Binding for local extending class:
py::class_<Dog, pets::Pet>(m, "Dog")
.def(py::init<std::string>());
m.def("pet_name", [](pets::Pet &p) { return p.name(); });
py::class_<MixGL>(m, "MixGL", py::module_local()).def(py::init<int>());
m.def("get_gl_value", [](MixGL &o) { return o.i + 100; });
py::class_<MixGL2>(m, "MixGL2", py::module_local()).def(py::init<int>());
// test_vector_bool
// We can't test both stl.h and stl_bind.h conversions of `std::vector<bool>` within
// the same module (it would be an ODR violation). Therefore `bind_vector` of `bool`
// is defined here and tested in `test_stl_binders.py`.
py::bind_vector<std::vector<bool>>(m, "VectorBool");
// test_missing_header_message
// The main module already includes stl.h, but we need to test the error message
// which appears when this header is missing.
m.def("missing_header_arg", [](std::vector<float>) { });
m.def("missing_header_return", []() { return std::vector<float>(); });
}

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/*
tests/pybind11_tests.cpp -- pybind example plugin
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <functional>
#include <list>
/*
For testing purposes, we define a static global variable here in a function that each individual
test .cpp calls with its initialization lambda. It's convenient here because we can just not
compile some test files to disable/ignore some of the test code.
It is NOT recommended as a way to use pybind11 in practice, however: the initialization order will
be essentially random, which is okay for our test scripts (there are no dependencies between the
individual pybind11 test .cpp files), but most likely not what you want when using pybind11
productively.
Instead, see the "How can I reduce the build time?" question in the "Frequently asked questions"
section of the documentation for good practice on splitting binding code over multiple files.
*/
std::list<std::function<void(py::module &)>> &initializers() {
static std::list<std::function<void(py::module &)>> inits;
return inits;
}
test_initializer::test_initializer(Initializer init) {
initializers().push_back(init);
}
test_initializer::test_initializer(const char *submodule_name, Initializer init) {
initializers().push_back([=](py::module &parent) {
auto m = parent.def_submodule(submodule_name);
init(m);
});
}
void bind_ConstructorStats(py::module &m) {
py::class_<ConstructorStats>(m, "ConstructorStats")
.def("alive", &ConstructorStats::alive)
.def("values", &ConstructorStats::values)
.def_readwrite("default_constructions", &ConstructorStats::default_constructions)
.def_readwrite("copy_assignments", &ConstructorStats::copy_assignments)
.def_readwrite("move_assignments", &ConstructorStats::move_assignments)
.def_readwrite("copy_constructions", &ConstructorStats::copy_constructions)
.def_readwrite("move_constructions", &ConstructorStats::move_constructions)
.def_static("get", (ConstructorStats &(*)(py::object)) &ConstructorStats::get, py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
// Not exactly ConstructorStats, but related: expose the internal pybind number of registered instances
// to allow instance cleanup checks (invokes a GC first)
.def_static("detail_reg_inst", []() {
ConstructorStats::gc();
return py::detail::get_internals().registered_instances.size();
})
;
}
PYBIND11_MODULE(pybind11_tests, m) {
m.doc() = "pybind11 test module";
bind_ConstructorStats(m);
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
m.attr("debug_enabled") = true;
#else
m.attr("debug_enabled") = false;
#endif
py::class_<UserType>(m, "UserType", "A `py::class_` type for testing")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("get_value", &UserType::value, "Get value using a method")
.def("set_value", &UserType::set, "Set value using a method")
.def_property("value", &UserType::value, &UserType::set, "Get/set value using a property")
.def("__repr__", [](const UserType& u) { return "UserType({})"_s.format(u.value()); });
py::class_<IncType, UserType>(m, "IncType")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("__repr__", [](const IncType& u) { return "IncType({})"_s.format(u.value()); });
for (const auto &initializer : initializers())
initializer(m);
if (!py::hasattr(m, "have_eigen")) m.attr("have_eigen") = false;
}

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#pragma once
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1910
// We get some really long type names here which causes MSVC 2015 to emit warnings
# pragma warning(disable: 4503) // warning C4503: decorated name length exceeded, name was truncated
#endif
namespace py = pybind11;
using namespace pybind11::literals;
class test_initializer {
using Initializer = void (*)(py::module &);
public:
test_initializer(Initializer init);
test_initializer(const char *submodule_name, Initializer init);
};
#define TEST_SUBMODULE(name, variable) \
void test_submodule_##name(py::module &); \
test_initializer name(#name, test_submodule_##name); \
void test_submodule_##name(py::module &variable)
/// Dummy type which is not exported anywhere -- something to trigger a conversion error
struct UnregisteredType { };
/// A user-defined type which is exported and can be used by any test
class UserType {
public:
UserType() = default;
UserType(int i) : i(i) { }
int value() const { return i; }
void set(int set) { i = set; }
private:
int i = -1;
};
/// Like UserType, but increments `value` on copy for quick reference vs. copy tests
class IncType : public UserType {
public:
using UserType::UserType;
IncType() = default;
IncType(const IncType &other) : IncType(other.value() + 1) { }
IncType(IncType &&) = delete;
IncType &operator=(const IncType &) = delete;
IncType &operator=(IncType &&) = delete;
};
/// Custom cast-only type that casts to a string "rvalue" or "lvalue" depending on the cast context.
/// Used to test recursive casters (e.g. std::tuple, stl containers).
struct RValueCaster {};
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
template<> class type_caster<RValueCaster> {
public:
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(RValueCaster, _("RValueCaster"));
static handle cast(RValueCaster &&, return_value_policy, handle) { return py::str("rvalue").release(); }
static handle cast(const RValueCaster &, return_value_policy, handle) { return py::str("lvalue").release(); }
};
NAMESPACE_END(detail)
NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)

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[pytest]
minversion = 3.0
norecursedirs = test_cmake_build test_embed
addopts =
# show summary of skipped tests
-rs
# capture only Python print and C++ py::print, but not C output (low-level Python errors)
--capture=sys
filterwarnings =
# make warnings into errors but ignore certain third-party extension issues
error
# importing scipy submodules on some version of Python
ignore::ImportWarning
# bogus numpy ABI warning (see numpy/#432)
ignore:.*numpy.dtype size changed.*:RuntimeWarning
ignore:.*numpy.ufunc size changed.*:RuntimeWarning

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/*
tests/test_buffers.cpp -- supporting Pythons' buffer protocol
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(buffers, m) {
// test_from_python / test_to_python:
class Matrix {
public:
Matrix(ssize_t rows, ssize_t cols) : m_rows(rows), m_cols(cols) {
print_created(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
m_data = new float[(size_t) (rows*cols)];
memset(m_data, 0, sizeof(float) * (size_t) (rows * cols));
}
Matrix(const Matrix &s) : m_rows(s.m_rows), m_cols(s.m_cols) {
print_copy_created(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
m_data = new float[(size_t) (m_rows * m_cols)];
memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float) * (size_t) (m_rows * m_cols));
}
Matrix(Matrix &&s) : m_rows(s.m_rows), m_cols(s.m_cols), m_data(s.m_data) {
print_move_created(this);
s.m_rows = 0;
s.m_cols = 0;
s.m_data = nullptr;
}
~Matrix() {
print_destroyed(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
delete[] m_data;
}
Matrix &operator=(const Matrix &s) {
print_copy_assigned(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
delete[] m_data;
m_rows = s.m_rows;
m_cols = s.m_cols;
m_data = new float[(size_t) (m_rows * m_cols)];
memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float) * (size_t) (m_rows * m_cols));
return *this;
}
Matrix &operator=(Matrix &&s) {
print_move_assigned(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
if (&s != this) {
delete[] m_data;
m_rows = s.m_rows; m_cols = s.m_cols; m_data = s.m_data;
s.m_rows = 0; s.m_cols = 0; s.m_data = nullptr;
}
return *this;
}
float operator()(ssize_t i, ssize_t j) const {
return m_data[(size_t) (i*m_cols + j)];
}
float &operator()(ssize_t i, ssize_t j) {
return m_data[(size_t) (i*m_cols + j)];
}
float *data() { return m_data; }
ssize_t rows() const { return m_rows; }
ssize_t cols() const { return m_cols; }
private:
ssize_t m_rows;
ssize_t m_cols;
float *m_data;
};
py::class_<Matrix>(m, "Matrix", py::buffer_protocol())
.def(py::init<ssize_t, ssize_t>())
/// Construct from a buffer
.def(py::init([](py::buffer b) {
py::buffer_info info = b.request();
if (info.format != py::format_descriptor<float>::format() || info.ndim != 2)
throw std::runtime_error("Incompatible buffer format!");
auto v = new Matrix(info.shape[0], info.shape[1]);
memcpy(v->data(), info.ptr, sizeof(float) * (size_t) (v->rows() * v->cols()));
return v;
}))
.def("rows", &Matrix::rows)
.def("cols", &Matrix::cols)
/// Bare bones interface
.def("__getitem__", [](const Matrix &m, std::pair<ssize_t, ssize_t> i) {
if (i.first >= m.rows() || i.second >= m.cols())
throw py::index_error();
return m(i.first, i.second);
})
.def("__setitem__", [](Matrix &m, std::pair<ssize_t, ssize_t> i, float v) {
if (i.first >= m.rows() || i.second >= m.cols())
throw py::index_error();
m(i.first, i.second) = v;
})
/// Provide buffer access
.def_buffer([](Matrix &m) -> py::buffer_info {
return py::buffer_info(
m.data(), /* Pointer to buffer */
{ m.rows(), m.cols() }, /* Buffer dimensions */
{ sizeof(float) * size_t(m.cols()), /* Strides (in bytes) for each index */
sizeof(float) }
);
})
;
// test_inherited_protocol
class SquareMatrix : public Matrix {
public:
SquareMatrix(ssize_t n) : Matrix(n, n) { }
};
// Derived classes inherit the buffer protocol and the buffer access function
py::class_<SquareMatrix, Matrix>(m, "SquareMatrix")
.def(py::init<ssize_t>());
// test_pointer_to_member_fn
// Tests that passing a pointer to member to the base class works in
// the derived class.
struct Buffer {
int32_t value = 0;
py::buffer_info get_buffer_info() {
return py::buffer_info(&value, sizeof(value),
py::format_descriptor<int32_t>::format(), 1);
}
};
py::class_<Buffer>(m, "Buffer", py::buffer_protocol())
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readwrite("value", &Buffer::value)
.def_buffer(&Buffer::get_buffer_info);
class ConstBuffer {
std::unique_ptr<int32_t> value;
public:
int32_t get_value() const { return *value; }
void set_value(int32_t v) { *value = v; }
py::buffer_info get_buffer_info() const {
return py::buffer_info(value.get(), sizeof(*value),
py::format_descriptor<int32_t>::format(), 1);
}
ConstBuffer() : value(new int32_t{0}) { };
};
py::class_<ConstBuffer>(m, "ConstBuffer", py::buffer_protocol())
.def(py::init<>())
.def_property("value", &ConstBuffer::get_value, &ConstBuffer::set_value)
.def_buffer(&ConstBuffer::get_buffer_info);
struct DerivedBuffer : public Buffer { };
py::class_<DerivedBuffer>(m, "DerivedBuffer", py::buffer_protocol())
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readwrite("value", (int32_t DerivedBuffer::*) &DerivedBuffer::value)
.def_buffer(&DerivedBuffer::get_buffer_info);
}

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import struct
import pytest
from pybind11_tests import buffers as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
import numpy as np
def test_from_python():
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.Matrix(np.array([1, 2, 3])) # trying to assign a 1D array
assert str(excinfo.value) == "Incompatible buffer format!"
m3 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]).astype(np.float32)
m4 = m.Matrix(m3)
for i in range(m4.rows()):
for j in range(m4.cols()):
assert m3[i, j] == m4[i, j]
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.Matrix)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del m3, m4
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ["2x3 matrix"]
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
# assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Don't invoke any
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
# PyPy: Memory leak in the "np.array(m, copy=False)" call
# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2444
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_to_python():
mat = m.Matrix(5, 4)
assert memoryview(mat).shape == (5, 4)
assert mat[2, 3] == 0
mat[2, 3] = 4.0
mat[3, 2] = 7.0
assert mat[2, 3] == 4
assert mat[3, 2] == 7
assert struct.unpack_from('f', mat, (3 * 4 + 2) * 4) == (7, )
assert struct.unpack_from('f', mat, (2 * 4 + 3) * 4) == (4, )
mat2 = np.array(mat, copy=False)
assert mat2.shape == (5, 4)
assert abs(mat2).sum() == 11
assert mat2[2, 3] == 4 and mat2[3, 2] == 7
mat2[2, 3] = 5
assert mat2[2, 3] == 5
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.Matrix)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del mat
pytest.gc_collect()
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del mat2 # holds a mat reference
pytest.gc_collect()
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ["5x4 matrix"]
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
# assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Don't invoke any
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_inherited_protocol():
"""SquareMatrix is derived from Matrix and inherits the buffer protocol"""
matrix = m.SquareMatrix(5)
assert memoryview(matrix).shape == (5, 5)
assert np.asarray(matrix).shape == (5, 5)
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_pointer_to_member_fn():
for cls in [m.Buffer, m.ConstBuffer, m.DerivedBuffer]:
buf = cls()
buf.value = 0x12345678
value = struct.unpack('i', bytearray(buf))[0]
assert value == 0x12345678

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/*
tests/test_builtin_casters.cpp -- Casters available without any additional headers
Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/complex.h>
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
# pragma warning(push)
# pragma warning(disable: 4127) // warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant
#endif
TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
// test_simple_string
m.def("string_roundtrip", [](const char *s) { return s; });
// test_unicode_conversion
// Some test characters in utf16 and utf32 encodings. The last one (the 𝐀) contains a null byte
char32_t a32 = 0x61 /*a*/, z32 = 0x7a /*z*/, ib32 = 0x203d /*‽*/, cake32 = 0x1f382 /*🎂*/, mathbfA32 = 0x1d400 /*𝐀*/;
char16_t b16 = 0x62 /*b*/, z16 = 0x7a, ib16 = 0x203d, cake16_1 = 0xd83c, cake16_2 = 0xdf82, mathbfA16_1 = 0xd835, mathbfA16_2 = 0xdc00;
std::wstring wstr;
wstr.push_back(0x61); // a
wstr.push_back(0x2e18); // ⸘
if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2) { wstr.push_back(mathbfA16_1); wstr.push_back(mathbfA16_2); } // 𝐀, utf16
else { wstr.push_back((wchar_t) mathbfA32); } // 𝐀, utf32
wstr.push_back(0x7a); // z
m.def("good_utf8_string", []() { return std::string(u8"Say utf8\u203d \U0001f382 \U0001d400"); }); // Say utf8‽ 🎂 𝐀
m.def("good_utf16_string", [=]() { return std::u16string({ b16, ib16, cake16_1, cake16_2, mathbfA16_1, mathbfA16_2, z16 }); }); // b‽🎂𝐀z
m.def("good_utf32_string", [=]() { return std::u32string({ a32, mathbfA32, cake32, ib32, z32 }); }); // a𝐀🎂‽z
m.def("good_wchar_string", [=]() { return wstr; }); // a‽𝐀z
m.def("bad_utf8_string", []() { return std::string("abc\xd0" "def"); });
m.def("bad_utf16_string", [=]() { return std::u16string({ b16, char16_t(0xd800), z16 }); });
// Under Python 2.7, invalid unicode UTF-32 characters don't appear to trigger UnicodeDecodeError
if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3)
m.def("bad_utf32_string", [=]() { return std::u32string({ a32, char32_t(0xd800), z32 }); });
if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 || sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
m.def("bad_wchar_string", [=]() { return std::wstring({ wchar_t(0x61), wchar_t(0xd800) }); });
m.def("u8_Z", []() -> char { return 'Z'; });
m.def("u8_eacute", []() -> char { return '\xe9'; });
m.def("u16_ibang", [=]() -> char16_t { return ib16; });
m.def("u32_mathbfA", [=]() -> char32_t { return mathbfA32; });
m.def("wchar_heart", []() -> wchar_t { return 0x2665; });
// test_single_char_arguments
m.attr("wchar_size") = py::cast(sizeof(wchar_t));
m.def("ord_char", [](char c) -> int { return static_cast<unsigned char>(c); });
m.def("ord_char_lv", [](char &c) -> int { return static_cast<unsigned char>(c); });
m.def("ord_char16", [](char16_t c) -> uint16_t { return c; });
m.def("ord_char16_lv", [](char16_t &c) -> uint16_t { return c; });
m.def("ord_char32", [](char32_t c) -> uint32_t { return c; });
m.def("ord_wchar", [](wchar_t c) -> int { return c; });
// test_bytes_to_string
m.def("strlen", [](char *s) { return strlen(s); });
m.def("string_length", [](std::string s) { return s.length(); });
// test_string_view
#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW
m.attr("has_string_view") = true;
m.def("string_view_print", [](std::string_view s) { py::print(s, s.size()); });
m.def("string_view16_print", [](std::u16string_view s) { py::print(s, s.size()); });
m.def("string_view32_print", [](std::u32string_view s) { py::print(s, s.size()); });
m.def("string_view_chars", [](std::string_view s) { py::list l; for (auto c : s) l.append((std::uint8_t) c); return l; });
m.def("string_view16_chars", [](std::u16string_view s) { py::list l; for (auto c : s) l.append((int) c); return l; });
m.def("string_view32_chars", [](std::u32string_view s) { py::list l; for (auto c : s) l.append((int) c); return l; });
m.def("string_view_return", []() { return std::string_view(u8"utf8 secret \U0001f382"); });
m.def("string_view16_return", []() { return std::u16string_view(u"utf16 secret \U0001f382"); });
m.def("string_view32_return", []() { return std::u32string_view(U"utf32 secret \U0001f382"); });
#endif
// test_integer_casting
m.def("i32_str", [](std::int32_t v) { return std::to_string(v); });
m.def("u32_str", [](std::uint32_t v) { return std::to_string(v); });
m.def("i64_str", [](std::int64_t v) { return std::to_string(v); });
m.def("u64_str", [](std::uint64_t v) { return std::to_string(v); });
// test_tuple
m.def("pair_passthrough", [](std::pair<bool, std::string> input) {
return std::make_pair(input.second, input.first);
}, "Return a pair in reversed order");
m.def("tuple_passthrough", [](std::tuple<bool, std::string, int> input) {
return std::make_tuple(std::get<2>(input), std::get<1>(input), std::get<0>(input));
}, "Return a triple in reversed order");
m.def("empty_tuple", []() { return std::tuple<>(); });
static std::pair<RValueCaster, RValueCaster> lvpair;
static std::tuple<RValueCaster, RValueCaster, RValueCaster> lvtuple;
static std::pair<RValueCaster, std::tuple<RValueCaster, std::pair<RValueCaster, RValueCaster>>> lvnested;
m.def("rvalue_pair", []() { return std::make_pair(RValueCaster{}, RValueCaster{}); });
m.def("lvalue_pair", []() -> const decltype(lvpair) & { return lvpair; });
m.def("rvalue_tuple", []() { return std::make_tuple(RValueCaster{}, RValueCaster{}, RValueCaster{}); });
m.def("lvalue_tuple", []() -> const decltype(lvtuple) & { return lvtuple; });
m.def("rvalue_nested", []() {
return std::make_pair(RValueCaster{}, std::make_tuple(RValueCaster{}, std::make_pair(RValueCaster{}, RValueCaster{}))); });
m.def("lvalue_nested", []() -> const decltype(lvnested) & { return lvnested; });
// test_builtins_cast_return_none
m.def("return_none_string", []() -> std::string * { return nullptr; });
m.def("return_none_char", []() -> const char * { return nullptr; });
m.def("return_none_bool", []() -> bool * { return nullptr; });
m.def("return_none_int", []() -> int * { return nullptr; });
m.def("return_none_float", []() -> float * { return nullptr; });
// test_none_deferred
m.def("defer_none_cstring", [](char *) { return false; });
m.def("defer_none_cstring", [](py::none) { return true; });
m.def("defer_none_custom", [](UserType *) { return false; });
m.def("defer_none_custom", [](py::none) { return true; });
m.def("nodefer_none_void", [](void *) { return true; });
m.def("nodefer_none_void", [](py::none) { return false; });
// test_void_caster
m.def("load_nullptr_t", [](std::nullptr_t) {}); // not useful, but it should still compile
m.def("cast_nullptr_t", []() { return std::nullptr_t{}; });
// test_bool_caster
m.def("bool_passthrough", [](bool arg) { return arg; });
m.def("bool_passthrough_noconvert", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg().noconvert());
// test_reference_wrapper
m.def("refwrap_builtin", [](std::reference_wrapper<int> p) { return 10 * p.get(); });
m.def("refwrap_usertype", [](std::reference_wrapper<UserType> p) { return p.get().value(); });
// Not currently supported (std::pair caster has return-by-value cast operator);
// triggers static_assert failure.
//m.def("refwrap_pair", [](std::reference_wrapper<std::pair<int, int>>) { });
m.def("refwrap_list", [](bool copy) {
static IncType x1(1), x2(2);
py::list l;
for (auto &f : {std::ref(x1), std::ref(x2)}) {
l.append(py::cast(f, copy ? py::return_value_policy::copy
: py::return_value_policy::reference));
}
return l;
}, "copy"_a);
m.def("refwrap_iiw", [](const IncType &w) { return w.value(); });
m.def("refwrap_call_iiw", [](IncType &w, py::function f) {
py::list l;
l.append(f(std::ref(w)));
l.append(f(std::cref(w)));
IncType x(w.value());
l.append(f(std::ref(x)));
IncType y(w.value());
auto r3 = std::ref(y);
l.append(f(r3));
return l;
});
// test_complex
m.def("complex_cast", [](float x) { return "{}"_s.format(x); });
m.def("complex_cast", [](std::complex<float> x) { return "({}, {})"_s.format(x.real(), x.imag()); });
// test int vs. long (Python 2)
m.def("int_cast", []() {return (int) 42;});
m.def("long_cast", []() {return (long) 42;});
m.def("longlong_cast", []() {return ULLONG_MAX;});
/// test void* cast operator
m.def("test_void_caster", []() -> bool {
void *v = (void *) 0xabcd;
py::object o = py::cast(v);
return py::cast<void *>(o) == v;
});
}

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# Python < 3 needs this: coding=utf-8
import pytest
from pybind11_tests import builtin_casters as m
from pybind11_tests import UserType, IncType
def test_simple_string():
assert m.string_roundtrip("const char *") == "const char *"
def test_unicode_conversion():
"""Tests unicode conversion and error reporting."""
assert m.good_utf8_string() == u"Say utf8‽ 🎂 𝐀"
assert m.good_utf16_string() == u"b‽🎂𝐀z"
assert m.good_utf32_string() == u"a𝐀🎂‽z"
assert m.good_wchar_string() == u"a⸘𝐀z"
with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
m.bad_utf8_string()
with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
m.bad_utf16_string()
# These are provided only if they actually fail (they don't when 32-bit and under Python 2.7)
if hasattr(m, "bad_utf32_string"):
with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
m.bad_utf32_string()
if hasattr(m, "bad_wchar_string"):
with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
m.bad_wchar_string()
assert m.u8_Z() == 'Z'
assert m.u8_eacute() == u'é'
assert m.u16_ibang() == u'‽'
assert m.u32_mathbfA() == u'𝐀'
assert m.wchar_heart() == u'♥'
def test_single_char_arguments():
"""Tests failures for passing invalid inputs to char-accepting functions"""
def toobig_message(r):
return "Character code point not in range({0:#x})".format(r)
toolong_message = "Expected a character, but multi-character string found"
assert m.ord_char(u'a') == 0x61 # simple ASCII
assert m.ord_char_lv(u'b') == 0x62
assert m.ord_char(u'é') == 0xE9 # requires 2 bytes in utf-8, but can be stuffed in a char
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
assert m.ord_char(u'Ā') == 0x100 # requires 2 bytes, doesn't fit in a char
assert str(excinfo.value) == toobig_message(0x100)
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
assert m.ord_char(u'ab')
assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
assert m.ord_char16(u'a') == 0x61
assert m.ord_char16(u'é') == 0xE9
assert m.ord_char16_lv(u'ê') == 0xEA
assert m.ord_char16(u'Ā') == 0x100
assert m.ord_char16(u'‽') == 0x203d
assert m.ord_char16(u'♥') == 0x2665
assert m.ord_char16_lv(u'♡') == 0x2661
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
assert m.ord_char16(u'🎂') == 0x1F382 # requires surrogate pair
assert str(excinfo.value) == toobig_message(0x10000)
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
assert m.ord_char16(u'aa')
assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
assert m.ord_char32(u'a') == 0x61
assert m.ord_char32(u'é') == 0xE9
assert m.ord_char32(u'Ā') == 0x100
assert m.ord_char32(u'‽') == 0x203d
assert m.ord_char32(u'♥') == 0x2665
assert m.ord_char32(u'🎂') == 0x1F382
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
assert m.ord_char32(u'aa')
assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
assert m.ord_wchar(u'a') == 0x61
assert m.ord_wchar(u'é') == 0xE9
assert m.ord_wchar(u'Ā') == 0x100
assert m.ord_wchar(u'‽') == 0x203d
assert m.ord_wchar(u'♥') == 0x2665
if m.wchar_size == 2:
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
assert m.ord_wchar(u'🎂') == 0x1F382 # requires surrogate pair
assert str(excinfo.value) == toobig_message(0x10000)
else:
assert m.ord_wchar(u'🎂') == 0x1F382
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
assert m.ord_wchar(u'aa')
assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
def test_bytes_to_string():
"""Tests the ability to pass bytes to C++ string-accepting functions. Note that this is
one-way: the only way to return bytes to Python is via the pybind11::bytes class."""
# Issue #816
import sys
byte = bytes if sys.version_info[0] < 3 else str
assert m.strlen(byte("hi")) == 2
assert m.string_length(byte("world")) == 5
assert m.string_length(byte("a\x00b")) == 3
assert m.strlen(byte("a\x00b")) == 1 # C-string limitation
# passing in a utf8 encoded string should work
assert m.string_length(u'💩'.encode("utf8")) == 4
@pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(m, "has_string_view"), reason="no <string_view>")
def test_string_view(capture):
"""Tests support for C++17 string_view arguments and return values"""
assert m.string_view_chars("Hi") == [72, 105]
assert m.string_view_chars("Hi 🎂") == [72, 105, 32, 0xf0, 0x9f, 0x8e, 0x82]
assert m.string_view16_chars("Hi 🎂") == [72, 105, 32, 0xd83c, 0xdf82]
assert m.string_view32_chars("Hi 🎂") == [72, 105, 32, 127874]
assert m.string_view_return() == "utf8 secret 🎂"
assert m.string_view16_return() == "utf16 secret 🎂"
assert m.string_view32_return() == "utf32 secret 🎂"
with capture:
m.string_view_print("Hi")
m.string_view_print("utf8 🎂")
m.string_view16_print("utf16 🎂")
m.string_view32_print("utf32 🎂")
assert capture == """
Hi 2
utf8 🎂 9
utf16 🎂 8
utf32 🎂 7
"""
with capture:
m.string_view_print("Hi, ascii")
m.string_view_print("Hi, utf8 🎂")
m.string_view16_print("Hi, utf16 🎂")
m.string_view32_print("Hi, utf32 🎂")
assert capture == """
Hi, ascii 9
Hi, utf8 🎂 13
Hi, utf16 🎂 12
Hi, utf32 🎂 11
"""
def test_integer_casting():
"""Issue #929 - out-of-range integer values shouldn't be accepted"""
import sys
assert m.i32_str(-1) == "-1"
assert m.i64_str(-1) == "-1"
assert m.i32_str(2000000000) == "2000000000"
assert m.u32_str(2000000000) == "2000000000"
if sys.version_info < (3,):
assert m.i32_str(long(-1)) == "-1" # noqa: F821 undefined name 'long'
assert m.i64_str(long(-1)) == "-1" # noqa: F821 undefined name 'long'
assert m.i64_str(long(-999999999999)) == "-999999999999" # noqa: F821 undefined name
assert m.u64_str(long(999999999999)) == "999999999999" # noqa: F821 undefined name 'long'
else:
assert m.i64_str(-999999999999) == "-999999999999"
assert m.u64_str(999999999999) == "999999999999"
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.u32_str(-1)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.u64_str(-1)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.i32_str(-3000000000)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.i32_str(3000000000)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
if sys.version_info < (3,):
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.u32_str(long(-1)) # noqa: F821 undefined name 'long'
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.u64_str(long(-1)) # noqa: F821 undefined name 'long'
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
def test_tuple(doc):
"""std::pair <-> tuple & std::tuple <-> tuple"""
assert m.pair_passthrough((True, "test")) == ("test", True)
assert m.tuple_passthrough((True, "test", 5)) == (5, "test", True)
# Any sequence can be cast to a std::pair or std::tuple
assert m.pair_passthrough([True, "test"]) == ("test", True)
assert m.tuple_passthrough([True, "test", 5]) == (5, "test", True)
assert m.empty_tuple() == ()
assert doc(m.pair_passthrough) == """
pair_passthrough(arg0: Tuple[bool, str]) -> Tuple[str, bool]
Return a pair in reversed order
"""
assert doc(m.tuple_passthrough) == """
tuple_passthrough(arg0: Tuple[bool, str, int]) -> Tuple[int, str, bool]
Return a triple in reversed order
"""
assert m.rvalue_pair() == ("rvalue", "rvalue")
assert m.lvalue_pair() == ("lvalue", "lvalue")
assert m.rvalue_tuple() == ("rvalue", "rvalue", "rvalue")
assert m.lvalue_tuple() == ("lvalue", "lvalue", "lvalue")
assert m.rvalue_nested() == ("rvalue", ("rvalue", ("rvalue", "rvalue")))
assert m.lvalue_nested() == ("lvalue", ("lvalue", ("lvalue", "lvalue")))
def test_builtins_cast_return_none():
"""Casters produced with PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER() should convert nullptr to None"""
assert m.return_none_string() is None
assert m.return_none_char() is None
assert m.return_none_bool() is None
assert m.return_none_int() is None
assert m.return_none_float() is None
def test_none_deferred():
"""None passed as various argument types should defer to other overloads"""
assert not m.defer_none_cstring("abc")
assert m.defer_none_cstring(None)
assert not m.defer_none_custom(UserType())
assert m.defer_none_custom(None)
assert m.nodefer_none_void(None)
def test_void_caster():
assert m.load_nullptr_t(None) is None
assert m.cast_nullptr_t() is None
def test_reference_wrapper():
"""std::reference_wrapper for builtin and user types"""
assert m.refwrap_builtin(42) == 420
assert m.refwrap_usertype(UserType(42)) == 42
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.refwrap_builtin(None)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.refwrap_usertype(None)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
a1 = m.refwrap_list(copy=True)
a2 = m.refwrap_list(copy=True)
assert [x.value for x in a1] == [2, 3]
assert [x.value for x in a2] == [2, 3]
assert not a1[0] is a2[0] and not a1[1] is a2[1]
b1 = m.refwrap_list(copy=False)
b2 = m.refwrap_list(copy=False)
assert [x.value for x in b1] == [1, 2]
assert [x.value for x in b2] == [1, 2]
assert b1[0] is b2[0] and b1[1] is b2[1]
assert m.refwrap_iiw(IncType(5)) == 5
assert m.refwrap_call_iiw(IncType(10), m.refwrap_iiw) == [10, 10, 10, 10]
def test_complex_cast():
"""std::complex casts"""
assert m.complex_cast(1) == "1.0"
assert m.complex_cast(2j) == "(0.0, 2.0)"
def test_bool_caster():
"""Test bool caster implicit conversions."""
convert, noconvert = m.bool_passthrough, m.bool_passthrough_noconvert
def require_implicit(v):
pytest.raises(TypeError, noconvert, v)
def cant_convert(v):
pytest.raises(TypeError, convert, v)
# straight up bool
assert convert(True) is True
assert convert(False) is False
assert noconvert(True) is True
assert noconvert(False) is False
# None requires implicit conversion
require_implicit(None)
assert convert(None) is False
class A(object):
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x
def __nonzero__(self):
return self.x
def __bool__(self):
return self.x
class B(object):
pass
# Arbitrary objects are not accepted
cant_convert(object())
cant_convert(B())
# Objects with __nonzero__ / __bool__ defined can be converted
require_implicit(A(True))
assert convert(A(True)) is True
assert convert(A(False)) is False
@pytest.requires_numpy
def test_numpy_bool():
import numpy as np
convert, noconvert = m.bool_passthrough, m.bool_passthrough_noconvert
# np.bool_ is not considered implicit
assert convert(np.bool_(True)) is True
assert convert(np.bool_(False)) is False
assert noconvert(np.bool_(True)) is True
assert noconvert(np.bool_(False)) is False
def test_int_long():
"""In Python 2, a C++ int should return a Python int rather than long
if possible: longs are not always accepted where ints are used (such
as the argument to sys.exit()). A C++ long long is always a Python
long."""
import sys
must_be_long = type(getattr(sys, 'maxint', 1) + 1)
assert isinstance(m.int_cast(), int)
assert isinstance(m.long_cast(), int)
assert isinstance(m.longlong_cast(), must_be_long)
def test_void_caster_2():
assert m.test_void_caster()

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/*
tests/test_call_policies.cpp -- keep_alive and call_guard
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
struct CustomGuard {
static bool enabled;
CustomGuard() { enabled = true; }
~CustomGuard() { enabled = false; }
static const char *report_status() { return enabled ? "guarded" : "unguarded"; }
};
bool CustomGuard::enabled = false;
struct DependentGuard {
static bool enabled;
DependentGuard() { enabled = CustomGuard::enabled; }
~DependentGuard() { enabled = false; }
static const char *report_status() { return enabled ? "guarded" : "unguarded"; }
};
bool DependentGuard::enabled = false;
TEST_SUBMODULE(call_policies, m) {
// Parent/Child are used in:
// test_keep_alive_argument, test_keep_alive_return_value, test_alive_gc_derived,
// test_alive_gc_multi_derived, test_return_none, test_keep_alive_constructor
class Child {
public:
Child() { py::print("Allocating child."); }
Child(const Child &) = default;
Child(Child &&) = default;
~Child() { py::print("Releasing child."); }
};
py::class_<Child>(m, "Child")
.def(py::init<>());
class Parent {
public:
Parent() { py::print("Allocating parent."); }
~Parent() { py::print("Releasing parent."); }
void addChild(Child *) { }
Child *returnChild() { return new Child(); }
Child *returnNullChild() { return nullptr; }
};
py::class_<Parent>(m, "Parent")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::init([](Child *) { return new Parent(); }), py::keep_alive<1, 2>())
.def("addChild", &Parent::addChild)
.def("addChildKeepAlive", &Parent::addChild, py::keep_alive<1, 2>())
.def("returnChild", &Parent::returnChild)
.def("returnChildKeepAlive", &Parent::returnChild, py::keep_alive<1, 0>())
.def("returnNullChildKeepAliveChild", &Parent::returnNullChild, py::keep_alive<1, 0>())
.def("returnNullChildKeepAliveParent", &Parent::returnNullChild, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
// test_alive_gc
class ParentGC : public Parent {
public:
using Parent::Parent;
};
py::class_<ParentGC, Parent>(m, "ParentGC", py::dynamic_attr())
.def(py::init<>());
#endif
// test_call_guard
m.def("unguarded_call", &CustomGuard::report_status);
m.def("guarded_call", &CustomGuard::report_status, py::call_guard<CustomGuard>());
m.def("multiple_guards_correct_order", []() {
return CustomGuard::report_status() + std::string(" & ") + DependentGuard::report_status();
}, py::call_guard<CustomGuard, DependentGuard>());
m.def("multiple_guards_wrong_order", []() {
return DependentGuard::report_status() + std::string(" & ") + CustomGuard::report_status();
}, py::call_guard<DependentGuard, CustomGuard>());
#if defined(WITH_THREAD) && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
// `py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>()` should work in PyPy as well,
// but it's unclear how to test it without `PyGILState_GetThisThreadState`.
auto report_gil_status = []() {
auto is_gil_held = false;
if (auto tstate = py::detail::get_thread_state_unchecked())
is_gil_held = (tstate == PyGILState_GetThisThreadState());
return is_gil_held ? "GIL held" : "GIL released";
};
m.def("with_gil", report_gil_status);
m.def("without_gil", report_gil_status, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>());
#endif
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import call_policies as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_keep_alive_argument(capture):
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
with capture:
p = m.Parent()
assert capture == "Allocating parent."
with capture:
p.addChild(m.Child())
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 1
assert capture == """
Allocating child.
Releasing child.
"""
with capture:
del p
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == "Releasing parent."
with capture:
p = m.Parent()
assert capture == "Allocating parent."
with capture:
p.addChildKeepAlive(m.Child())
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 2
assert capture == "Allocating child."
with capture:
del p
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == """
Releasing parent.
Releasing child.
"""
def test_keep_alive_return_value(capture):
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
with capture:
p = m.Parent()
assert capture == "Allocating parent."
with capture:
p.returnChild()
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 1
assert capture == """
Allocating child.
Releasing child.
"""
with capture:
del p
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == "Releasing parent."
with capture:
p = m.Parent()
assert capture == "Allocating parent."
with capture:
p.returnChildKeepAlive()
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 2
assert capture == "Allocating child."
with capture:
del p
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == """
Releasing parent.
Releasing child.
"""
# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2447
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_alive_gc(capture):
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
p = m.ParentGC()
p.addChildKeepAlive(m.Child())
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 2
lst = [p]
lst.append(lst) # creates a circular reference
with capture:
del p, lst
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == """
Releasing parent.
Releasing child.
"""
def test_alive_gc_derived(capture):
class Derived(m.Parent):
pass
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
p = Derived()
p.addChildKeepAlive(m.Child())
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 2
lst = [p]
lst.append(lst) # creates a circular reference
with capture:
del p, lst
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == """
Releasing parent.
Releasing child.
"""
def test_alive_gc_multi_derived(capture):
class Derived(m.Parent, m.Child):
def __init__(self):
m.Parent.__init__(self)
m.Child.__init__(self)
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
p = Derived()
p.addChildKeepAlive(m.Child())
# +3 rather than +2 because Derived corresponds to two registered instances
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 3
lst = [p]
lst.append(lst) # creates a circular reference
with capture:
del p, lst
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == """
Releasing parent.
Releasing child.
Releasing child.
"""
def test_return_none(capture):
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
with capture:
p = m.Parent()
assert capture == "Allocating parent."
with capture:
p.returnNullChildKeepAliveChild()
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 1
assert capture == ""
with capture:
del p
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == "Releasing parent."
with capture:
p = m.Parent()
assert capture == "Allocating parent."
with capture:
p.returnNullChildKeepAliveParent()
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 1
assert capture == ""
with capture:
del p
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == "Releasing parent."
def test_keep_alive_constructor(capture):
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
with capture:
p = m.Parent(m.Child())
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 2
assert capture == """
Allocating child.
Allocating parent.
"""
with capture:
del p
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert capture == """
Releasing parent.
Releasing child.
"""
def test_call_guard():
assert m.unguarded_call() == "unguarded"
assert m.guarded_call() == "guarded"
assert m.multiple_guards_correct_order() == "guarded & guarded"
assert m.multiple_guards_wrong_order() == "unguarded & guarded"
if hasattr(m, "with_gil"):
assert m.with_gil() == "GIL held"
assert m.without_gil() == "GIL released"

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/*
tests/test_callbacks.cpp -- callbacks
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/functional.h>
#include <thread>
int dummy_function(int i) { return i + 1; }
TEST_SUBMODULE(callbacks, m) {
// test_callbacks, test_function_signatures
m.def("test_callback1", [](py::object func) { return func(); });
m.def("test_callback2", [](py::object func) { return func("Hello", 'x', true, 5); });
m.def("test_callback3", [](const std::function<int(int)> &func) {
return "func(43) = " + std::to_string(func(43)); });
m.def("test_callback4", []() -> std::function<int(int)> { return [](int i) { return i+1; }; });
m.def("test_callback5", []() {
return py::cpp_function([](int i) { return i+1; }, py::arg("number"));
});
// test_keyword_args_and_generalized_unpacking
m.def("test_tuple_unpacking", [](py::function f) {
auto t1 = py::make_tuple(2, 3);
auto t2 = py::make_tuple(5, 6);
return f("positional", 1, *t1, 4, *t2);
});
m.def("test_dict_unpacking", [](py::function f) {
auto d1 = py::dict("key"_a="value", "a"_a=1);
auto d2 = py::dict();
auto d3 = py::dict("b"_a=2);
return f("positional", 1, **d1, **d2, **d3);
});
m.def("test_keyword_args", [](py::function f) {
return f("x"_a=10, "y"_a=20);
});
m.def("test_unpacking_and_keywords1", [](py::function f) {
auto args = py::make_tuple(2);
auto kwargs = py::dict("d"_a=4);
return f(1, *args, "c"_a=3, **kwargs);
});
m.def("test_unpacking_and_keywords2", [](py::function f) {
auto kwargs1 = py::dict("a"_a=1);
auto kwargs2 = py::dict("c"_a=3, "d"_a=4);
return f("positional", *py::make_tuple(1), 2, *py::make_tuple(3, 4), 5,
"key"_a="value", **kwargs1, "b"_a=2, **kwargs2, "e"_a=5);
});
m.def("test_unpacking_error1", [](py::function f) {
auto kwargs = py::dict("x"_a=3);
return f("x"_a=1, "y"_a=2, **kwargs); // duplicate ** after keyword
});
m.def("test_unpacking_error2", [](py::function f) {
auto kwargs = py::dict("x"_a=3);
return f(**kwargs, "x"_a=1); // duplicate keyword after **
});
m.def("test_arg_conversion_error1", [](py::function f) {
f(234, UnregisteredType(), "kw"_a=567);
});
m.def("test_arg_conversion_error2", [](py::function f) {
f(234, "expected_name"_a=UnregisteredType(), "kw"_a=567);
});
// test_lambda_closure_cleanup
struct Payload {
Payload() { print_default_created(this); }
~Payload() { print_destroyed(this); }
Payload(const Payload &) { print_copy_created(this); }
Payload(Payload &&) { print_move_created(this); }
};
// Export the payload constructor statistics for testing purposes:
m.def("payload_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<Payload>);
/* Test cleanup of lambda closure */
m.def("test_cleanup", []() -> std::function<void(void)> {
Payload p;
return [p]() {
/* p should be cleaned up when the returned function is garbage collected */
(void) p;
};
});
// test_cpp_function_roundtrip
/* Test if passing a function pointer from C++ -> Python -> C++ yields the original pointer */
m.def("dummy_function", &dummy_function);
m.def("dummy_function2", [](int i, int j) { return i + j; });
m.def("roundtrip", [](std::function<int(int)> f, bool expect_none = false) {
if (expect_none && f)
throw std::runtime_error("Expected None to be converted to empty std::function");
return f;
}, py::arg("f"), py::arg("expect_none")=false);
m.def("test_dummy_function", [](const std::function<int(int)> &f) -> std::string {
using fn_type = int (*)(int);
auto result = f.target<fn_type>();
if (!result) {
auto r = f(1);
return "can't convert to function pointer: eval(1) = " + std::to_string(r);
} else if (*result == dummy_function) {
auto r = (*result)(1);
return "matches dummy_function: eval(1) = " + std::to_string(r);
} else {
return "argument does NOT match dummy_function. This should never happen!";
}
});
class AbstractBase { public: virtual unsigned int func() = 0; };
m.def("func_accepting_func_accepting_base", [](std::function<double(AbstractBase&)>) { });
struct MovableObject {
bool valid = true;
MovableObject() = default;
MovableObject(const MovableObject &) = default;
MovableObject &operator=(const MovableObject &) = default;
MovableObject(MovableObject &&o) : valid(o.valid) { o.valid = false; }
MovableObject &operator=(MovableObject &&o) {
valid = o.valid;
o.valid = false;
return *this;
}
};
py::class_<MovableObject>(m, "MovableObject");
// test_movable_object
m.def("callback_with_movable", [](std::function<void(MovableObject &)> f) {
auto x = MovableObject();
f(x); // lvalue reference shouldn't move out object
return x.valid; // must still return `true`
});
// test_bound_method_callback
struct CppBoundMethodTest {};
py::class_<CppBoundMethodTest>(m, "CppBoundMethodTest")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("triple", [](CppBoundMethodTest &, int val) { return 3 * val; });
// test async Python callbacks
using callback_f = std::function<void(int)>;
m.def("test_async_callback", [](callback_f f, py::list work) {
// make detached thread that calls `f` with piece of work after a little delay
auto start_f = [f](int j) {
auto invoke_f = [f, j] {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(50));
f(j);
};
auto t = std::thread(std::move(invoke_f));
t.detach();
};
// spawn worker threads
for (auto i : work)
start_f(py::cast<int>(i));
});
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import callbacks as m
from threading import Thread
def test_callbacks():
from functools import partial
def func1():
return "func1"
def func2(a, b, c, d):
return "func2", a, b, c, d
def func3(a):
return "func3({})".format(a)
assert m.test_callback1(func1) == "func1"
assert m.test_callback2(func2) == ("func2", "Hello", "x", True, 5)
assert m.test_callback1(partial(func2, 1, 2, 3, 4)) == ("func2", 1, 2, 3, 4)
assert m.test_callback1(partial(func3, "partial")) == "func3(partial)"
assert m.test_callback3(lambda i: i + 1) == "func(43) = 44"
f = m.test_callback4()
assert f(43) == 44
f = m.test_callback5()
assert f(number=43) == 44
def test_bound_method_callback():
# Bound Python method:
class MyClass:
def double(self, val):
return 2 * val
z = MyClass()
assert m.test_callback3(z.double) == "func(43) = 86"
z = m.CppBoundMethodTest()
assert m.test_callback3(z.triple) == "func(43) = 129"
def test_keyword_args_and_generalized_unpacking():
def f(*args, **kwargs):
return args, kwargs
assert m.test_tuple_unpacking(f) == (("positional", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), {})
assert m.test_dict_unpacking(f) == (("positional", 1), {"key": "value", "a": 1, "b": 2})
assert m.test_keyword_args(f) == ((), {"x": 10, "y": 20})
assert m.test_unpacking_and_keywords1(f) == ((1, 2), {"c": 3, "d": 4})
assert m.test_unpacking_and_keywords2(f) == (
("positional", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
{"key": "value", "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4, "e": 5}
)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.test_unpacking_error1(f)
assert "Got multiple values for keyword argument" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.test_unpacking_error2(f)
assert "Got multiple values for keyword argument" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.test_arg_conversion_error1(f)
assert "Unable to convert call argument" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.test_arg_conversion_error2(f)
assert "Unable to convert call argument" in str(excinfo.value)
def test_lambda_closure_cleanup():
m.test_cleanup()
cstats = m.payload_cstats()
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 1
assert cstats.move_constructions >= 1
def test_cpp_function_roundtrip():
"""Test if passing a function pointer from C++ -> Python -> C++ yields the original pointer"""
assert m.test_dummy_function(m.dummy_function) == "matches dummy_function: eval(1) = 2"
assert (m.test_dummy_function(m.roundtrip(m.dummy_function)) ==
"matches dummy_function: eval(1) = 2")
assert m.roundtrip(None, expect_none=True) is None
assert (m.test_dummy_function(lambda x: x + 2) ==
"can't convert to function pointer: eval(1) = 3")
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.test_dummy_function(m.dummy_function2)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.test_dummy_function(lambda x, y: x + y)
assert any(s in str(excinfo.value) for s in ("missing 1 required positional argument",
"takes exactly 2 arguments"))
def test_function_signatures(doc):
assert doc(m.test_callback3) == "test_callback3(arg0: Callable[[int], int]) -> str"
assert doc(m.test_callback4) == "test_callback4() -> Callable[[int], int]"
def test_movable_object():
assert m.callback_with_movable(lambda _: None) is True
def test_async_callbacks():
# serves as state for async callback
class Item:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
res = []
# generate stateful lambda that will store result in `res`
def gen_f():
s = Item(3)
return lambda j: res.append(s.value + j)
# do some work async
work = [1, 2, 3, 4]
m.test_async_callback(gen_f(), work)
# wait until work is done
from time import sleep
sleep(0.5)
assert sum(res) == sum([x + 3 for x in work])
def test_async_async_callbacks():
t = Thread(target=test_async_callbacks)
t.start()
t.join()

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/*
tests/test_chrono.cpp -- test conversions to/from std::chrono types
Copyright (c) 2016 Trent Houliston <trent@houliston.me> and
Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/chrono.h>
TEST_SUBMODULE(chrono, m) {
using system_time = std::chrono::system_clock::time_point;
using steady_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point;
// test_chrono_system_clock
// Return the current time off the wall clock
m.def("test_chrono1", []() { return std::chrono::system_clock::now(); });
// test_chrono_system_clock_roundtrip
// Round trip the passed in system clock time
m.def("test_chrono2", [](system_time t) { return t; });
// test_chrono_duration_roundtrip
// Round trip the passed in duration
m.def("test_chrono3", [](std::chrono::system_clock::duration d) { return d; });
// test_chrono_duration_subtraction_equivalence
// Difference between two passed in time_points
m.def("test_chrono4", [](system_time a, system_time b) { return a - b; });
// test_chrono_steady_clock
// Return the current time off the steady_clock
m.def("test_chrono5", []() { return std::chrono::steady_clock::now(); });
// test_chrono_steady_clock_roundtrip
// Round trip a steady clock timepoint
m.def("test_chrono6", [](steady_time t) { return t; });
// test_floating_point_duration
// Roundtrip a duration in microseconds from a float argument
m.def("test_chrono7", [](std::chrono::microseconds t) { return t; });
// Float durations (issue #719)
m.def("test_chrono_float_diff", [](std::chrono::duration<float> a, std::chrono::duration<float> b) {
return a - b; });
}

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from pybind11_tests import chrono as m
import datetime
def test_chrono_system_clock():
# Get the time from both c++ and datetime
date1 = m.test_chrono1()
date2 = datetime.datetime.today()
# The returned value should be a datetime
assert isinstance(date1, datetime.datetime)
# The numbers should vary by a very small amount (time it took to execute)
diff = abs(date1 - date2)
# There should never be a days/seconds difference
assert diff.days == 0
assert diff.seconds == 0
# We test that no more than about 0.5 seconds passes here
# This makes sure that the dates created are very close to the same
# but if the testing system is incredibly overloaded this should still pass
assert diff.microseconds < 500000
def test_chrono_system_clock_roundtrip():
date1 = datetime.datetime.today()
# Roundtrip the time
date2 = m.test_chrono2(date1)
# The returned value should be a datetime
assert isinstance(date2, datetime.datetime)
# They should be identical (no information lost on roundtrip)
diff = abs(date1 - date2)
assert diff.days == 0
assert diff.seconds == 0
assert diff.microseconds == 0
def test_chrono_duration_roundtrip():
# Get the difference between two times (a timedelta)
date1 = datetime.datetime.today()
date2 = datetime.datetime.today()
diff = date2 - date1
# Make sure this is a timedelta
assert isinstance(diff, datetime.timedelta)
cpp_diff = m.test_chrono3(diff)
assert cpp_diff.days == diff.days
assert cpp_diff.seconds == diff.seconds
assert cpp_diff.microseconds == diff.microseconds
def test_chrono_duration_subtraction_equivalence():
date1 = datetime.datetime.today()
date2 = datetime.datetime.today()
diff = date2 - date1
cpp_diff = m.test_chrono4(date2, date1)
assert cpp_diff.days == diff.days
assert cpp_diff.seconds == diff.seconds
assert cpp_diff.microseconds == diff.microseconds
def test_chrono_steady_clock():
time1 = m.test_chrono5()
assert isinstance(time1, datetime.timedelta)
def test_chrono_steady_clock_roundtrip():
time1 = datetime.timedelta(days=10, seconds=10, microseconds=100)
time2 = m.test_chrono6(time1)
assert isinstance(time2, datetime.timedelta)
# They should be identical (no information lost on roundtrip)
assert time1.days == time2.days
assert time1.seconds == time2.seconds
assert time1.microseconds == time2.microseconds
def test_floating_point_duration():
# Test using a floating point number in seconds
time = m.test_chrono7(35.525123)
assert isinstance(time, datetime.timedelta)
assert time.seconds == 35
assert 525122 <= time.microseconds <= 525123
diff = m.test_chrono_float_diff(43.789012, 1.123456)
assert diff.seconds == 42
assert 665556 <= diff.microseconds <= 665557

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/*
tests/test_class.cpp -- test py::class_ definitions and basic functionality
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include "local_bindings.h"
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
# pragma warning(disable: 4324) // warning C4324: structure was padded due to alignment specifier
#endif
// test_brace_initialization
struct NoBraceInitialization {
NoBraceInitialization(std::vector<int> v) : vec{std::move(v)} {}
template <typename T>
NoBraceInitialization(std::initializer_list<T> l) : vec(l) {}
std::vector<int> vec;
};
TEST_SUBMODULE(class_, m) {
// test_instance
struct NoConstructor {
NoConstructor() = default;
NoConstructor(const NoConstructor &) = default;
NoConstructor(NoConstructor &&) = default;
static NoConstructor *new_instance() {
auto *ptr = new NoConstructor();
print_created(ptr, "via new_instance");
return ptr;
}
~NoConstructor() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<NoConstructor>(m, "NoConstructor")
.def_static("new_instance", &NoConstructor::new_instance, "Return an instance");
// test_inheritance
class Pet {
public:
Pet(const std::string &name, const std::string &species)
: m_name(name), m_species(species) {}
std::string name() const { return m_name; }
std::string species() const { return m_species; }
private:
std::string m_name;
std::string m_species;
};
class Dog : public Pet {
public:
Dog(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "dog") {}
std::string bark() const { return "Woof!"; }
};
class Rabbit : public Pet {
public:
Rabbit(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "parrot") {}
};
class Hamster : public Pet {
public:
Hamster(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "rodent") {}
};
class Chimera : public Pet {
Chimera() : Pet("Kimmy", "chimera") {}
};
py::class_<Pet> pet_class(m, "Pet");
pet_class
.def(py::init<std::string, std::string>())
.def("name", &Pet::name)
.def("species", &Pet::species);
/* One way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's class_ object */
py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet_class)
.def(py::init<std::string>());
/* Another way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's C++ type */
py::class_<Rabbit, Pet>(m, "Rabbit")
.def(py::init<std::string>());
/* And another: list parent in class template arguments */
py::class_<Hamster, Pet>(m, "Hamster")
.def(py::init<std::string>());
/* Constructors are not inherited by default */
py::class_<Chimera, Pet>(m, "Chimera");
m.def("pet_name_species", [](const Pet &pet) { return pet.name() + " is a " + pet.species(); });
m.def("dog_bark", [](const Dog &dog) { return dog.bark(); });
// test_automatic_upcasting
struct BaseClass {
BaseClass() = default;
BaseClass(const BaseClass &) = default;
BaseClass(BaseClass &&) = default;
virtual ~BaseClass() {}
};
struct DerivedClass1 : BaseClass { };
struct DerivedClass2 : BaseClass { };
py::class_<BaseClass>(m, "BaseClass").def(py::init<>());
py::class_<DerivedClass1>(m, "DerivedClass1").def(py::init<>());
py::class_<DerivedClass2>(m, "DerivedClass2").def(py::init<>());
m.def("return_class_1", []() -> BaseClass* { return new DerivedClass1(); });
m.def("return_class_2", []() -> BaseClass* { return new DerivedClass2(); });
m.def("return_class_n", [](int n) -> BaseClass* {
if (n == 1) return new DerivedClass1();
if (n == 2) return new DerivedClass2();
return new BaseClass();
});
m.def("return_none", []() -> BaseClass* { return nullptr; });
// test_isinstance
m.def("check_instances", [](py::list l) {
return py::make_tuple(
py::isinstance<py::tuple>(l[0]),
py::isinstance<py::dict>(l[1]),
py::isinstance<Pet>(l[2]),
py::isinstance<Pet>(l[3]),
py::isinstance<Dog>(l[4]),
py::isinstance<Rabbit>(l[5]),
py::isinstance<UnregisteredType>(l[6])
);
});
// test_mismatched_holder
struct MismatchBase1 { };
struct MismatchDerived1 : MismatchBase1 { };
struct MismatchBase2 { };
struct MismatchDerived2 : MismatchBase2 { };
m.def("mismatched_holder_1", []() {
auto mod = py::module::import("__main__");
py::class_<MismatchBase1, std::shared_ptr<MismatchBase1>>(mod, "MismatchBase1");
py::class_<MismatchDerived1, MismatchBase1>(mod, "MismatchDerived1");
});
m.def("mismatched_holder_2", []() {
auto mod = py::module::import("__main__");
py::class_<MismatchBase2>(mod, "MismatchBase2");
py::class_<MismatchDerived2, std::shared_ptr<MismatchDerived2>,
MismatchBase2>(mod, "MismatchDerived2");
});
// test_override_static
// #511: problem with inheritance + overwritten def_static
struct MyBase {
static std::unique_ptr<MyBase> make() {
return std::unique_ptr<MyBase>(new MyBase());
}
};
struct MyDerived : MyBase {
static std::unique_ptr<MyDerived> make() {
return std::unique_ptr<MyDerived>(new MyDerived());
}
};
py::class_<MyBase>(m, "MyBase")
.def_static("make", &MyBase::make);
py::class_<MyDerived, MyBase>(m, "MyDerived")
.def_static("make", &MyDerived::make)
.def_static("make2", &MyDerived::make);
// test_implicit_conversion_life_support
struct ConvertibleFromUserType {
int i;
ConvertibleFromUserType(UserType u) : i(u.value()) { }
};
py::class_<ConvertibleFromUserType>(m, "AcceptsUserType")
.def(py::init<UserType>());
py::implicitly_convertible<UserType, ConvertibleFromUserType>();
m.def("implicitly_convert_argument", [](const ConvertibleFromUserType &r) { return r.i; });
m.def("implicitly_convert_variable", [](py::object o) {
// `o` is `UserType` and `r` is a reference to a temporary created by implicit
// conversion. This is valid when called inside a bound function because the temp
// object is attached to the same life support system as the arguments.
const auto &r = o.cast<const ConvertibleFromUserType &>();
return r.i;
});
m.add_object("implicitly_convert_variable_fail", [&] {
auto f = [](PyObject *, PyObject *args) -> PyObject * {
auto o = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::tuple>(args)[0];
try { // It should fail here because there is no life support.
o.cast<const ConvertibleFromUserType &>();
} catch (const py::cast_error &e) {
return py::str(e.what()).release().ptr();
}
return py::str().release().ptr();
};
auto def = new PyMethodDef{"f", f, METH_VARARGS, nullptr};
return py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(PyCFunction_NewEx(def, nullptr, m.ptr()));
}());
// test_operator_new_delete
struct HasOpNewDel {
std::uint64_t i;
static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("A new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("A placement-new", s); return ptr; }
static void operator delete(void *p) { py::print("A delete"); return ::operator delete(p); }
};
struct HasOpNewDelSize {
std::uint32_t i;
static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("B new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("B placement-new", s); return ptr; }
static void operator delete(void *p, size_t s) { py::print("B delete", s); return ::operator delete(p); }
};
struct AliasedHasOpNewDelSize {
std::uint64_t i;
static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("C new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("C placement-new", s); return ptr; }
static void operator delete(void *p, size_t s) { py::print("C delete", s); return ::operator delete(p); }
virtual ~AliasedHasOpNewDelSize() = default;
};
struct PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize : AliasedHasOpNewDelSize {
PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize() = default;
PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize(int) { }
std::uint64_t j;
};
struct HasOpNewDelBoth {
std::uint32_t i[8];
static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("D new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("D placement-new", s); return ptr; }
static void operator delete(void *p) { py::print("D delete"); return ::operator delete(p); }
static void operator delete(void *p, size_t s) { py::print("D wrong delete", s); return ::operator delete(p); }
};
py::class_<HasOpNewDel>(m, "HasOpNewDel").def(py::init<>());
py::class_<HasOpNewDelSize>(m, "HasOpNewDelSize").def(py::init<>());
py::class_<HasOpNewDelBoth>(m, "HasOpNewDelBoth").def(py::init<>());
py::class_<AliasedHasOpNewDelSize, PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize> aliased(m, "AliasedHasOpNewDelSize");
aliased.def(py::init<>());
aliased.attr("size_noalias") = py::int_(sizeof(AliasedHasOpNewDelSize));
aliased.attr("size_alias") = py::int_(sizeof(PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize));
// This test is actually part of test_local_bindings (test_duplicate_local), but we need a
// definition in a different compilation unit within the same module:
bind_local<LocalExternal, 17>(m, "LocalExternal", py::module_local());
// test_bind_protected_functions
class ProtectedA {
protected:
int foo() const { return value; }
private:
int value = 42;
};
class PublicistA : public ProtectedA {
public:
using ProtectedA::foo;
};
py::class_<ProtectedA>(m, "ProtectedA")
.def(py::init<>())
#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910
.def("foo", &PublicistA::foo);
#else
.def("foo", static_cast<int (ProtectedA::*)() const>(&PublicistA::foo));
#endif
class ProtectedB {
public:
virtual ~ProtectedB() = default;
protected:
virtual int foo() const { return value; }
private:
int value = 42;
};
class TrampolineB : public ProtectedB {
public:
int foo() const override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, ProtectedB, foo, ); }
};
class PublicistB : public ProtectedB {
public:
using ProtectedB::foo;
};
py::class_<ProtectedB, TrampolineB>(m, "ProtectedB")
.def(py::init<>())
#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910
.def("foo", &PublicistB::foo);
#else
.def("foo", static_cast<int (ProtectedB::*)() const>(&PublicistB::foo));
#endif
// test_brace_initialization
struct BraceInitialization {
int field1;
std::string field2;
};
py::class_<BraceInitialization>(m, "BraceInitialization")
.def(py::init<int, const std::string &>())
.def_readwrite("field1", &BraceInitialization::field1)
.def_readwrite("field2", &BraceInitialization::field2);
// We *don't* want to construct using braces when the given constructor argument maps to a
// constructor, because brace initialization could go to the wrong place (in particular when
// there is also an `initializer_list<T>`-accept constructor):
py::class_<NoBraceInitialization>(m, "NoBraceInitialization")
.def(py::init<std::vector<int>>())
.def_readonly("vec", &NoBraceInitialization::vec);
// test_reentrant_implicit_conversion_failure
// #1035: issue with runaway reentrant implicit conversion
struct BogusImplicitConversion {
BogusImplicitConversion(const BogusImplicitConversion &) { }
};
py::class_<BogusImplicitConversion>(m, "BogusImplicitConversion")
.def(py::init<const BogusImplicitConversion &>());
py::implicitly_convertible<int, BogusImplicitConversion>();
// test_qualname
// #1166: nested class docstring doesn't show nested name
// Also related: tests that __qualname__ is set properly
struct NestBase {};
struct Nested {};
py::class_<NestBase> base(m, "NestBase");
base.def(py::init<>());
py::class_<Nested>(base, "Nested")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("fn", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {})
.def("fa", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {},
"a"_a, "b"_a, "c"_a);
base.def("g", [](NestBase &, Nested &) {});
base.def("h", []() { return NestBase(); });
// test_error_after_conversion
// The second-pass path through dispatcher() previously didn't
// remember which overload was used, and would crash trying to
// generate a useful error message
struct NotRegistered {};
struct StringWrapper { std::string str; };
m.def("test_error_after_conversions", [](int) {});
m.def("test_error_after_conversions",
[](StringWrapper) -> NotRegistered { return {}; });
py::class_<StringWrapper>(m, "StringWrapper").def(py::init<std::string>());
py::implicitly_convertible<std::string, StringWrapper>();
#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
struct alignas(1024) Aligned {
std::uintptr_t ptr() const { return (uintptr_t) this; }
};
py::class_<Aligned>(m, "Aligned")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("ptr", &Aligned::ptr);
#endif
}
template <int N> class BreaksBase { public: virtual ~BreaksBase() = default; };
template <int N> class BreaksTramp : public BreaksBase<N> {};
// These should all compile just fine:
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<1>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<1>>, BreaksTramp<1>> DoesntBreak1;
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<2>, BreaksTramp<2>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<2>>> DoesntBreak2;
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<3>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<3>>> DoesntBreak3;
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<4>, BreaksTramp<4>> DoesntBreak4;
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<5>> DoesntBreak5;
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<6>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<6>>, BreaksTramp<6>> DoesntBreak6;
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<7>, BreaksTramp<7>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<7>>> DoesntBreak7;
typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<8>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<8>>> DoesntBreak8;
#define CHECK_BASE(N) static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type, BreaksBase<N>>::value, \
"DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type!")
CHECK_BASE(1); CHECK_BASE(2); CHECK_BASE(3); CHECK_BASE(4); CHECK_BASE(5); CHECK_BASE(6); CHECK_BASE(7); CHECK_BASE(8);
#define CHECK_ALIAS(N) static_assert(DoesntBreak##N::has_alias && std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias, BreaksTramp<N>>::value, \
"DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type_alias!")
#define CHECK_NOALIAS(N) static_assert(!DoesntBreak##N::has_alias && std::is_void<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias>::value, \
"DoesntBreak" #N " has type alias, but shouldn't!")
CHECK_ALIAS(1); CHECK_ALIAS(2); CHECK_NOALIAS(3); CHECK_ALIAS(4); CHECK_NOALIAS(5); CHECK_ALIAS(6); CHECK_ALIAS(7); CHECK_NOALIAS(8);
#define CHECK_HOLDER(N, TYPE) static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::holder_type, std::TYPE##_ptr<BreaksBase<N>>>::value, \
"DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong holder_type!")
CHECK_HOLDER(1, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(2, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(3, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(4, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(5, unique);
CHECK_HOLDER(6, shared); CHECK_HOLDER(7, shared); CHECK_HOLDER(8, shared);
// There's no nice way to test that these fail because they fail to compile; leave them here,
// though, so that they can be manually tested by uncommenting them (and seeing that compilation
// failures occurs).
// We have to actually look into the type: the typedef alone isn't enough to instantiate the type:
#define CHECK_BROKEN(N) static_assert(std::is_same<typename Breaks##N::type, BreaksBase<-N>>::value, \
"Breaks1 has wrong type!");
//// Two holder classes:
//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-1>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-1>>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-1>>> Breaks1;
//CHECK_BROKEN(1);
//// Two aliases:
//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-2>, BreaksTramp<-2>, BreaksTramp<-2>> Breaks2;
//CHECK_BROKEN(2);
//// Holder + 2 aliases
//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-3>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-3>>, BreaksTramp<-3>, BreaksTramp<-3>> Breaks3;
//CHECK_BROKEN(3);
//// Alias + 2 holders
//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-4>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-4>>, BreaksTramp<-4>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<-4>>> Breaks4;
//CHECK_BROKEN(4);
//// Invalid option (not a subclass or holder)
//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-5>, BreaksTramp<-4>> Breaks5;
//CHECK_BROKEN(5);
//// Invalid option: multiple inheritance not supported:
//template <> struct BreaksBase<-8> : BreaksBase<-6>, BreaksBase<-7> {};
//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-8>, BreaksBase<-6>, BreaksBase<-7>> Breaks8;
//CHECK_BROKEN(8);

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import class_ as m
from pybind11_tests import UserType, ConstructorStats
def test_repr():
# In Python 3.3+, repr() accesses __qualname__
assert "pybind11_type" in repr(type(UserType))
assert "UserType" in repr(UserType)
def test_instance(msg):
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.NoConstructor()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "m.class_.NoConstructor: No constructor defined!"
instance = m.NoConstructor.new_instance()
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.NoConstructor)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del instance
assert cstats.alive() == 0
def test_docstrings(doc):
assert doc(UserType) == "A `py::class_` type for testing"
assert UserType.__name__ == "UserType"
assert UserType.__module__ == "pybind11_tests"
assert UserType.get_value.__name__ == "get_value"
assert UserType.get_value.__module__ == "pybind11_tests"
assert doc(UserType.get_value) == """
get_value(self: m.UserType) -> int
Get value using a method
"""
assert doc(UserType.value) == "Get/set value using a property"
assert doc(m.NoConstructor.new_instance) == """
new_instance() -> m.class_.NoConstructor
Return an instance
"""
def test_qualname(doc):
"""Tests that a properly qualified name is set in __qualname__ (even in pre-3.3, where we
backport the attribute) and that generated docstrings properly use it and the module name"""
assert m.NestBase.__qualname__ == "NestBase"
assert m.NestBase.Nested.__qualname__ == "NestBase.Nested"
assert doc(m.NestBase.__init__) == """
__init__(self: m.class_.NestBase) -> None
"""
assert doc(m.NestBase.g) == """
g(self: m.class_.NestBase, arg0: m.class_.NestBase.Nested) -> None
"""
assert doc(m.NestBase.Nested.__init__) == """
__init__(self: m.class_.NestBase.Nested) -> None
"""
assert doc(m.NestBase.Nested.fn) == """
fn(self: m.class_.NestBase.Nested, arg0: int, arg1: m.class_.NestBase, arg2: m.class_.NestBase.Nested) -> None
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert doc(m.NestBase.Nested.fa) == """
fa(self: m.class_.NestBase.Nested, a: int, b: m.class_.NestBase, c: m.class_.NestBase.Nested) -> None
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert m.NestBase.__module__ == "pybind11_tests.class_"
assert m.NestBase.Nested.__module__ == "pybind11_tests.class_"
def test_inheritance(msg):
roger = m.Rabbit('Rabbit')
assert roger.name() + " is a " + roger.species() == "Rabbit is a parrot"
assert m.pet_name_species(roger) == "Rabbit is a parrot"
polly = m.Pet('Polly', 'parrot')
assert polly.name() + " is a " + polly.species() == "Polly is a parrot"
assert m.pet_name_species(polly) == "Polly is a parrot"
molly = m.Dog('Molly')
assert molly.name() + " is a " + molly.species() == "Molly is a dog"
assert m.pet_name_species(molly) == "Molly is a dog"
fred = m.Hamster('Fred')
assert fred.name() + " is a " + fred.species() == "Fred is a rodent"
assert m.dog_bark(molly) == "Woof!"
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.dog_bark(polly)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
dog_bark(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: m.class_.Dog) -> str
Invoked with: <m.class_.Pet object at 0>
"""
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.Chimera("lion", "goat")
assert "No constructor defined!" in str(excinfo.value)
def test_automatic_upcasting():
assert type(m.return_class_1()).__name__ == "DerivedClass1"
assert type(m.return_class_2()).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
assert type(m.return_none()).__name__ == "NoneType"
# Repeat these a few times in a random order to ensure no invalid caching is applied
assert type(m.return_class_n(1)).__name__ == "DerivedClass1"
assert type(m.return_class_n(2)).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
assert type(m.return_class_n(0)).__name__ == "BaseClass"
assert type(m.return_class_n(2)).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
assert type(m.return_class_n(2)).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
assert type(m.return_class_n(0)).__name__ == "BaseClass"
assert type(m.return_class_n(1)).__name__ == "DerivedClass1"
def test_isinstance():
objects = [tuple(), dict(), m.Pet("Polly", "parrot")] + [m.Dog("Molly")] * 4
expected = (True, True, True, True, True, False, False)
assert m.check_instances(objects) == expected
def test_mismatched_holder():
import re
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.mismatched_holder_1()
assert re.match('generic_type: type ".*MismatchDerived1" does not have a non-default '
'holder type while its base ".*MismatchBase1" does', str(excinfo.value))
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.mismatched_holder_2()
assert re.match('generic_type: type ".*MismatchDerived2" has a non-default holder type '
'while its base ".*MismatchBase2" does not', str(excinfo.value))
def test_override_static():
"""#511: problem with inheritance + overwritten def_static"""
b = m.MyBase.make()
d1 = m.MyDerived.make2()
d2 = m.MyDerived.make()
assert isinstance(b, m.MyBase)
assert isinstance(d1, m.MyDerived)
assert isinstance(d2, m.MyDerived)
def test_implicit_conversion_life_support():
"""Ensure the lifetime of temporary objects created for implicit conversions"""
assert m.implicitly_convert_argument(UserType(5)) == 5
assert m.implicitly_convert_variable(UserType(5)) == 5
assert "outside a bound function" in m.implicitly_convert_variable_fail(UserType(5))
def test_operator_new_delete(capture):
"""Tests that class-specific operator new/delete functions are invoked"""
class SubAliased(m.AliasedHasOpNewDelSize):
pass
with capture:
a = m.HasOpNewDel()
b = m.HasOpNewDelSize()
d = m.HasOpNewDelBoth()
assert capture == """
A new 8
B new 4
D new 32
"""
sz_alias = str(m.AliasedHasOpNewDelSize.size_alias)
sz_noalias = str(m.AliasedHasOpNewDelSize.size_noalias)
with capture:
c = m.AliasedHasOpNewDelSize()
c2 = SubAliased()
assert capture == (
"C new " + sz_noalias + "\n" +
"C new " + sz_alias + "\n"
)
with capture:
del a
pytest.gc_collect()
del b
pytest.gc_collect()
del d
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == """
A delete
B delete 4
D delete
"""
with capture:
del c
pytest.gc_collect()
del c2
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == (
"C delete " + sz_noalias + "\n" +
"C delete " + sz_alias + "\n"
)
def test_bind_protected_functions():
"""Expose protected member functions to Python using a helper class"""
a = m.ProtectedA()
assert a.foo() == 42
b = m.ProtectedB()
assert b.foo() == 42
class C(m.ProtectedB):
def __init__(self):
m.ProtectedB.__init__(self)
def foo(self):
return 0
c = C()
assert c.foo() == 0
def test_brace_initialization():
""" Tests that simple POD classes can be constructed using C++11 brace initialization """
a = m.BraceInitialization(123, "test")
assert a.field1 == 123
assert a.field2 == "test"
# Tests that a non-simple class doesn't get brace initialization (if the
# class defines an initializer_list constructor, in particular, it would
# win over the expected constructor).
b = m.NoBraceInitialization([123, 456])
assert b.vec == [123, 456]
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_class_refcount():
"""Instances must correctly increase/decrease the reference count of their types (#1029)"""
from sys import getrefcount
class PyDog(m.Dog):
pass
for cls in m.Dog, PyDog:
refcount_1 = getrefcount(cls)
molly = [cls("Molly") for _ in range(10)]
refcount_2 = getrefcount(cls)
del molly
pytest.gc_collect()
refcount_3 = getrefcount(cls)
assert refcount_1 == refcount_3
assert refcount_2 > refcount_1
def test_reentrant_implicit_conversion_failure(msg):
# ensure that there is no runaway reentrant implicit conversion (#1035)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.BogusImplicitConversion(0)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == '''
__init__(): incompatible constructor arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. m.class_.BogusImplicitConversion(arg0: m.class_.BogusImplicitConversion)
Invoked with: 0
'''
def test_error_after_conversions():
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as exc_info:
m.test_error_after_conversions("hello")
assert str(exc_info.value).startswith(
"Unable to convert function return value to a Python type!")
def test_aligned():
if hasattr(m, "Aligned"):
p = m.Aligned().ptr()
assert p % 1024 == 0

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add_custom_target(test_cmake_build)
if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.1)
# 3.0 needed for interface library for subdirectory_target/installed_target
# 3.1 needed for cmake -E env for testing
return()
endif()
include(CMakeParseArguments)
function(pybind11_add_build_test name)
cmake_parse_arguments(ARG "INSTALL" "" "" ${ARGN})
set(build_options "-DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/mock_install"
"-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}"
"-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE:FILEPATH=${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE}"
"-DPYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD=${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD}")
if(NOT ARG_INSTALL)
list(APPEND build_options "-DPYBIND11_PROJECT_DIR=${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}")
endif()
add_custom_target(test_${name} ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND}
--quiet --output-log ${name}.log
--build-and-test "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${name}"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${name}"
--build-config Release
--build-noclean
--build-generator ${CMAKE_GENERATOR}
$<$<BOOL:${CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM}>:--build-generator-platform> ${CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM}
--build-makeprogram ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM}
--build-target check
--build-options ${build_options}
)
if(ARG_INSTALL)
add_dependencies(test_${name} mock_install)
endif()
add_dependencies(test_cmake_build test_${name})
endfunction()
pybind11_add_build_test(subdirectory_function)
pybind11_add_build_test(subdirectory_target)
if(NOT ${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION} MATCHES "pypy")
pybind11_add_build_test(subdirectory_embed)
endif()
if(PYBIND11_INSTALL)
add_custom_target(mock_install ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
"-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/mock_install"
-P "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/cmake_install.cmake"
)
pybind11_add_build_test(installed_function INSTALL)
pybind11_add_build_test(installed_target INSTALL)
if(NOT ${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION} MATCHES "pypy")
pybind11_add_build_test(installed_embed INSTALL)
endif()
endif()
add_dependencies(check test_cmake_build)

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#include <pybind11/embed.h>
namespace py = pybind11;
PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(test_cmake_build, m) {
m.def("add", [](int i, int j) { return i + j; });
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc != 2)
throw std::runtime_error("Expected test.py file as the first argument");
auto test_py_file = argv[1];
py::scoped_interpreter guard{};
auto m = py::module::import("test_cmake_build");
if (m.attr("add")(1, 2).cast<int>() != 3)
throw std::runtime_error("embed.cpp failed");
py::module::import("sys").attr("argv") = py::make_tuple("test.py", "embed.cpp");
py::eval_file(test_py_file, py::globals());
}

15
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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
project(test_installed_embed CXX)
set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "")
find_package(pybind11 CONFIG REQUIRED)
message(STATUS "Found pybind11 v${pybind11_VERSION}: ${pybind11_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
add_executable(test_cmake_build ../embed.cpp)
target_link_libraries(test_cmake_build PRIVATE pybind11::embed)
# Do not treat includes from IMPORTED target as SYSTEM (Python headers in pybind11::embed).
# This may be needed to resolve header conflicts, e.g. between Python release and debug headers.
set_target_properties(test_cmake_build PROPERTIES NO_SYSTEM_FROM_IMPORTED ON)
add_custom_target(check $<TARGET_FILE:test_cmake_build> ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py)

12
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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
project(test_installed_module CXX)
set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "")
find_package(pybind11 CONFIG REQUIRED)
message(STATUS "Found pybind11 v${pybind11_VERSION}: ${pybind11_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
pybind11_add_module(test_cmake_build SHARED NO_EXTRAS ../main.cpp)
add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})

22
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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
project(test_installed_target CXX)
set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "")
find_package(pybind11 CONFIG REQUIRED)
message(STATUS "Found pybind11 v${pybind11_VERSION}: ${pybind11_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
add_library(test_cmake_build MODULE ../main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(test_cmake_build PRIVATE pybind11::module)
# make sure result is, for example, test_installed_target.so, not libtest_installed_target.dylib
set_target_properties(test_cmake_build PROPERTIES PREFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX}"
SUFFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION}")
# Do not treat includes from IMPORTED target as SYSTEM (Python headers in pybind11::module).
# This may be needed to resolve header conflicts, e.g. between Python release and debug headers.
set_target_properties(test_cmake_build PROPERTIES NO_SYSTEM_FROM_IMPORTED ON)
add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})

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#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
namespace py = pybind11;
PYBIND11_MODULE(test_cmake_build, m) {
m.def("add", [](int i, int j) { return i + j; });
}

25
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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
project(test_subdirectory_embed CXX)
set(PYBIND11_INSTALL ON CACHE BOOL "")
set(PYBIND11_EXPORT_NAME test_export)
add_subdirectory(${PYBIND11_PROJECT_DIR} pybind11)
# Test basic target functionality
add_executable(test_cmake_build ../embed.cpp)
target_link_libraries(test_cmake_build PRIVATE pybind11::embed)
add_custom_target(check $<TARGET_FILE:test_cmake_build> ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py)
# Test custom export group -- PYBIND11_EXPORT_NAME
add_library(test_embed_lib ../embed.cpp)
target_link_libraries(test_embed_lib PRIVATE pybind11::embed)
install(TARGETS test_embed_lib
EXPORT test_export
ARCHIVE DESTINATION bin
LIBRARY DESTINATION lib
RUNTIME DESTINATION lib)
install(EXPORT test_export
DESTINATION lib/cmake/test_export/test_export-Targets.cmake)

8
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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
project(test_subdirectory_module CXX)
add_subdirectory(${PYBIND11_PROJECT_DIR} pybind11)
pybind11_add_module(test_cmake_build THIN_LTO ../main.cpp)
add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})

15
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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
project(test_subdirectory_target CXX)
add_subdirectory(${PYBIND11_PROJECT_DIR} pybind11)
add_library(test_cmake_build MODULE ../main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(test_cmake_build PRIVATE pybind11::module)
# make sure result is, for example, test_installed_target.so, not libtest_installed_target.dylib
set_target_properties(test_cmake_build PROPERTIES PREFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX}"
SUFFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION}")
add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})

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import sys
import test_cmake_build
assert test_cmake_build.add(1, 2) == 3
print("{} imports, runs, and adds: 1 + 2 = 3".format(sys.argv[1]))

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/*
tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp -- global constants and functions, enumerations, raw byte strings
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
enum MyEnum { EFirstEntry = 1, ESecondEntry };
std::string test_function1() {
return "test_function()";
}
std::string test_function2(MyEnum k) {
return "test_function(enum=" + std::to_string(k) + ")";
}
std::string test_function3(int i) {
return "test_function(" + std::to_string(i) + ")";
}
py::str test_function4() { return "test_function()"; }
py::str test_function4(char *) { return "test_function(char *)"; }
py::str test_function4(int, float) { return "test_function(int, float)"; }
py::str test_function4(float, int) { return "test_function(float, int)"; }
py::bytes return_bytes() {
const char *data = "\x01\x00\x02\x00";
return std::string(data, 4);
}
std::string print_bytes(py::bytes bytes) {
std::string ret = "bytes[";
const auto value = static_cast<std::string>(bytes);
for (size_t i = 0; i < value.length(); ++i) {
ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(value[i])) + " ";
}
ret.back() = ']';
return ret;
}
// Test that we properly handle C++17 exception specifiers (which are part of the function signature
// in C++17). These should all still work before C++17, but don't affect the function signature.
namespace test_exc_sp {
int f1(int x) noexcept { return x+1; }
int f2(int x) noexcept(true) { return x+2; }
int f3(int x) noexcept(false) { return x+3; }
#if defined(__GNUG__)
# pragma GCC diagnostic push
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated"
#endif
int f4(int x) throw() { return x+4; } // Deprecated equivalent to noexcept(true)
#if defined(__GNUG__)
# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
struct C {
int m1(int x) noexcept { return x-1; }
int m2(int x) const noexcept { return x-2; }
int m3(int x) noexcept(true) { return x-3; }
int m4(int x) const noexcept(true) { return x-4; }
int m5(int x) noexcept(false) { return x-5; }
int m6(int x) const noexcept(false) { return x-6; }
#if defined(__GNUG__)
# pragma GCC diagnostic push
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated"
#endif
int m7(int x) throw() { return x-7; }
int m8(int x) const throw() { return x-8; }
#if defined(__GNUG__)
# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
};
}
TEST_SUBMODULE(constants_and_functions, m) {
// test_constants
m.attr("some_constant") = py::int_(14);
// test_function_overloading
m.def("test_function", &test_function1);
m.def("test_function", &test_function2);
m.def("test_function", &test_function3);
#if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
m.def("test_function", py::overload_cast<>(&test_function4));
m.def("test_function", py::overload_cast<char *>(&test_function4));
m.def("test_function", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&test_function4));
m.def("test_function", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&test_function4));
#else
m.def("test_function", static_cast<py::str (*)()>(&test_function4));
m.def("test_function", static_cast<py::str (*)(char *)>(&test_function4));
m.def("test_function", static_cast<py::str (*)(int, float)>(&test_function4));
m.def("test_function", static_cast<py::str (*)(float, int)>(&test_function4));
#endif
py::enum_<MyEnum>(m, "MyEnum")
.value("EFirstEntry", EFirstEntry)
.value("ESecondEntry", ESecondEntry)
.export_values();
// test_bytes
m.def("return_bytes", &return_bytes);
m.def("print_bytes", &print_bytes);
// test_exception_specifiers
using namespace test_exc_sp;
py::class_<C>(m, "C")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("m1", &C::m1)
.def("m2", &C::m2)
.def("m3", &C::m3)
.def("m4", &C::m4)
.def("m5", &C::m5)
.def("m6", &C::m6)
.def("m7", &C::m7)
.def("m8", &C::m8)
;
m.def("f1", f1);
m.def("f2", f2);
m.def("f3", f3);
m.def("f4", f4);
}

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from pybind11_tests import constants_and_functions as m
def test_constants():
assert m.some_constant == 14
def test_function_overloading():
assert m.test_function() == "test_function()"
assert m.test_function(7) == "test_function(7)"
assert m.test_function(m.MyEnum.EFirstEntry) == "test_function(enum=1)"
assert m.test_function(m.MyEnum.ESecondEntry) == "test_function(enum=2)"
assert m.test_function() == "test_function()"
assert m.test_function("abcd") == "test_function(char *)"
assert m.test_function(1, 1.0) == "test_function(int, float)"
assert m.test_function(1, 1.0) == "test_function(int, float)"
assert m.test_function(2.0, 2) == "test_function(float, int)"
def test_bytes():
assert m.print_bytes(m.return_bytes()) == "bytes[1 0 2 0]"
def test_exception_specifiers():
c = m.C()
assert c.m1(2) == 1
assert c.m2(3) == 1
assert c.m3(5) == 2
assert c.m4(7) == 3
assert c.m5(10) == 5
assert c.m6(14) == 8
assert c.m7(20) == 13
assert c.m8(29) == 21
assert m.f1(33) == 34
assert m.f2(53) == 55
assert m.f3(86) == 89
assert m.f4(140) == 144

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/*
tests/test_copy_move_policies.cpp -- 'copy' and 'move' return value policies
and related tests
Copyright (c) 2016 Ben North <ben@redfrontdoor.org>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
template <typename derived>
struct empty {
static const derived& get_one() { return instance_; }
static derived instance_;
};
struct lacking_copy_ctor : public empty<lacking_copy_ctor> {
lacking_copy_ctor() {}
lacking_copy_ctor(const lacking_copy_ctor& other) = delete;
};
template <> lacking_copy_ctor empty<lacking_copy_ctor>::instance_ = {};
struct lacking_move_ctor : public empty<lacking_move_ctor> {
lacking_move_ctor() {}
lacking_move_ctor(const lacking_move_ctor& other) = delete;
lacking_move_ctor(lacking_move_ctor&& other) = delete;
};
template <> lacking_move_ctor empty<lacking_move_ctor>::instance_ = {};
/* Custom type caster move/copy test classes */
class MoveOnlyInt {
public:
MoveOnlyInt() { print_default_created(this); }
MoveOnlyInt(int v) : value{std::move(v)} { print_created(this, value); }
MoveOnlyInt(MoveOnlyInt &&m) { print_move_created(this, m.value); std::swap(value, m.value); }
MoveOnlyInt &operator=(MoveOnlyInt &&m) { print_move_assigned(this, m.value); std::swap(value, m.value); return *this; }
MoveOnlyInt(const MoveOnlyInt &) = delete;
MoveOnlyInt &operator=(const MoveOnlyInt &) = delete;
~MoveOnlyInt() { print_destroyed(this); }
int value;
};
class MoveOrCopyInt {
public:
MoveOrCopyInt() { print_default_created(this); }
MoveOrCopyInt(int v) : value{std::move(v)} { print_created(this, value); }
MoveOrCopyInt(MoveOrCopyInt &&m) { print_move_created(this, m.value); std::swap(value, m.value); }
MoveOrCopyInt &operator=(MoveOrCopyInt &&m) { print_move_assigned(this, m.value); std::swap(value, m.value); return *this; }
MoveOrCopyInt(const MoveOrCopyInt &c) { print_copy_created(this, c.value); value = c.value; }
MoveOrCopyInt &operator=(const MoveOrCopyInt &c) { print_copy_assigned(this, c.value); value = c.value; return *this; }
~MoveOrCopyInt() { print_destroyed(this); }
int value;
};
class CopyOnlyInt {
public:
CopyOnlyInt() { print_default_created(this); }
CopyOnlyInt(int v) : value{std::move(v)} { print_created(this, value); }
CopyOnlyInt(const CopyOnlyInt &c) { print_copy_created(this, c.value); value = c.value; }
CopyOnlyInt &operator=(const CopyOnlyInt &c) { print_copy_assigned(this, c.value); value = c.value; return *this; }
~CopyOnlyInt() { print_destroyed(this); }
int value;
};
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
template <> struct type_caster<MoveOnlyInt> {
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(MoveOnlyInt, _("MoveOnlyInt"));
bool load(handle src, bool) { value = MoveOnlyInt(src.cast<int>()); return true; }
static handle cast(const MoveOnlyInt &m, return_value_policy r, handle p) { return pybind11::cast(m.value, r, p); }
};
template <> struct type_caster<MoveOrCopyInt> {
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(MoveOrCopyInt, _("MoveOrCopyInt"));
bool load(handle src, bool) { value = MoveOrCopyInt(src.cast<int>()); return true; }
static handle cast(const MoveOrCopyInt &m, return_value_policy r, handle p) { return pybind11::cast(m.value, r, p); }
};
template <> struct type_caster<CopyOnlyInt> {
protected:
CopyOnlyInt value;
public:
static constexpr auto name = _("CopyOnlyInt");
bool load(handle src, bool) { value = CopyOnlyInt(src.cast<int>()); return true; }
static handle cast(const CopyOnlyInt &m, return_value_policy r, handle p) { return pybind11::cast(m.value, r, p); }
static handle cast(const CopyOnlyInt *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
if (!src) return none().release();
return cast(*src, policy, parent);
}
operator CopyOnlyInt*() { return &value; }
operator CopyOnlyInt&() { return value; }
template <typename T> using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<T>;
};
NAMESPACE_END(detail)
NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)
TEST_SUBMODULE(copy_move_policies, m) {
// test_lacking_copy_ctor
py::class_<lacking_copy_ctor>(m, "lacking_copy_ctor")
.def_static("get_one", &lacking_copy_ctor::get_one,
py::return_value_policy::copy);
// test_lacking_move_ctor
py::class_<lacking_move_ctor>(m, "lacking_move_ctor")
.def_static("get_one", &lacking_move_ctor::get_one,
py::return_value_policy::move);
// test_move_and_copy_casts
m.def("move_and_copy_casts", [](py::object o) {
int r = 0;
r += py::cast<MoveOrCopyInt>(o).value; /* moves */
r += py::cast<MoveOnlyInt>(o).value; /* moves */
r += py::cast<CopyOnlyInt>(o).value; /* copies */
MoveOrCopyInt m1(py::cast<MoveOrCopyInt>(o)); /* moves */
MoveOnlyInt m2(py::cast<MoveOnlyInt>(o)); /* moves */
CopyOnlyInt m3(py::cast<CopyOnlyInt>(o)); /* copies */
r += m1.value + m2.value + m3.value;
return r;
});
// test_move_and_copy_loads
m.def("move_only", [](MoveOnlyInt m) { return m.value; });
m.def("move_or_copy", [](MoveOrCopyInt m) { return m.value; });
m.def("copy_only", [](CopyOnlyInt m) { return m.value; });
m.def("move_pair", [](std::pair<MoveOnlyInt, MoveOrCopyInt> p) {
return p.first.value + p.second.value;
});
m.def("move_tuple", [](std::tuple<MoveOnlyInt, MoveOrCopyInt, MoveOnlyInt> t) {
return std::get<0>(t).value + std::get<1>(t).value + std::get<2>(t).value;
});
m.def("copy_tuple", [](std::tuple<CopyOnlyInt, CopyOnlyInt> t) {
return std::get<0>(t).value + std::get<1>(t).value;
});
m.def("move_copy_nested", [](std::pair<MoveOnlyInt, std::pair<std::tuple<MoveOrCopyInt, CopyOnlyInt, std::tuple<MoveOnlyInt>>, MoveOrCopyInt>> x) {
return x.first.value + std::get<0>(x.second.first).value + std::get<1>(x.second.first).value +
std::get<0>(std::get<2>(x.second.first)).value + x.second.second.value;
});
m.def("move_and_copy_cstats", []() {
ConstructorStats::gc();
// Reset counts to 0 so that previous tests don't affect later ones:
auto &mc = ConstructorStats::get<MoveOrCopyInt>();
mc.move_assignments = mc.move_constructions = mc.copy_assignments = mc.copy_constructions = 0;
auto &mo = ConstructorStats::get<MoveOnlyInt>();
mo.move_assignments = mo.move_constructions = mo.copy_assignments = mo.copy_constructions = 0;
auto &co = ConstructorStats::get<CopyOnlyInt>();
co.move_assignments = co.move_constructions = co.copy_assignments = co.copy_constructions = 0;
py::dict d;
d["MoveOrCopyInt"] = py::cast(mc, py::return_value_policy::reference);
d["MoveOnlyInt"] = py::cast(mo, py::return_value_policy::reference);
d["CopyOnlyInt"] = py::cast(co, py::return_value_policy::reference);
return d;
});
#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL
// test_move_and_copy_load_optional
m.attr("has_optional") = true;
m.def("move_optional", [](std::optional<MoveOnlyInt> o) {
return o->value;
});
m.def("move_or_copy_optional", [](std::optional<MoveOrCopyInt> o) {
return o->value;
});
m.def("copy_optional", [](std::optional<CopyOnlyInt> o) {
return o->value;
});
m.def("move_optional_tuple", [](std::optional<std::tuple<MoveOrCopyInt, MoveOnlyInt, CopyOnlyInt>> x) {
return std::get<0>(*x).value + std::get<1>(*x).value + std::get<2>(*x).value;
});
#else
m.attr("has_optional") = false;
#endif
// #70 compilation issue if operator new is not public
struct PrivateOpNew {
int value = 1;
private:
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
# pragma warning(disable: 4822) // warning C4822: local class member function does not have a body
#endif
void *operator new(size_t bytes);
};
py::class_<PrivateOpNew>(m, "PrivateOpNew").def_readonly("value", &PrivateOpNew::value);
m.def("private_op_new_value", []() { return PrivateOpNew(); });
m.def("private_op_new_reference", []() -> const PrivateOpNew & {
static PrivateOpNew x{};
return x;
}, py::return_value_policy::reference);
// test_move_fallback
// #389: rvp::move should fall-through to copy on non-movable objects
struct MoveIssue1 {
int v;
MoveIssue1(int v) : v{v} {}
MoveIssue1(const MoveIssue1 &c) = default;
MoveIssue1(MoveIssue1 &&) = delete;
};
py::class_<MoveIssue1>(m, "MoveIssue1").def(py::init<int>()).def_readwrite("value", &MoveIssue1::v);
struct MoveIssue2 {
int v;
MoveIssue2(int v) : v{v} {}
MoveIssue2(MoveIssue2 &&) = default;
};
py::class_<MoveIssue2>(m, "MoveIssue2").def(py::init<int>()).def_readwrite("value", &MoveIssue2::v);
m.def("get_moveissue1", [](int i) { return new MoveIssue1(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
m.def("get_moveissue2", [](int i) { return MoveIssue2(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import copy_move_policies as m
def test_lacking_copy_ctor():
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.lacking_copy_ctor.get_one()
assert "the object is non-copyable!" in str(excinfo.value)
def test_lacking_move_ctor():
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.lacking_move_ctor.get_one()
assert "the object is neither movable nor copyable!" in str(excinfo.value)
def test_move_and_copy_casts():
"""Cast some values in C++ via custom type casters and count the number of moves/copies."""
cstats = m.move_and_copy_cstats()
c_m, c_mc, c_c = cstats["MoveOnlyInt"], cstats["MoveOrCopyInt"], cstats["CopyOnlyInt"]
# The type move constructions/assignments below each get incremented: the move assignment comes
# from the type_caster load; the move construction happens when extracting that via a cast or
# loading into an argument.
assert m.move_and_copy_casts(3) == 18
assert c_m.copy_assignments + c_m.copy_constructions == 0
assert c_m.move_assignments == 2
assert c_m.move_constructions >= 2
assert c_mc.alive() == 0
assert c_mc.copy_assignments + c_mc.copy_constructions == 0
assert c_mc.move_assignments == 2
assert c_mc.move_constructions >= 2
assert c_c.alive() == 0
assert c_c.copy_assignments == 2
assert c_c.copy_constructions >= 2
assert c_m.alive() + c_mc.alive() + c_c.alive() == 0
def test_move_and_copy_loads():
"""Call some functions that load arguments via custom type casters and count the number of
moves/copies."""
cstats = m.move_and_copy_cstats()
c_m, c_mc, c_c = cstats["MoveOnlyInt"], cstats["MoveOrCopyInt"], cstats["CopyOnlyInt"]
assert m.move_only(10) == 10 # 1 move, c_m
assert m.move_or_copy(11) == 11 # 1 move, c_mc
assert m.copy_only(12) == 12 # 1 copy, c_c
assert m.move_pair((13, 14)) == 27 # 1 c_m move, 1 c_mc move
assert m.move_tuple((15, 16, 17)) == 48 # 2 c_m moves, 1 c_mc move
assert m.copy_tuple((18, 19)) == 37 # 2 c_c copies
# Direct constructions: 2 c_m moves, 2 c_mc moves, 1 c_c copy
# Extra moves/copies when moving pairs/tuples: 3 c_m, 3 c_mc, 2 c_c
assert m.move_copy_nested((1, ((2, 3, (4,)), 5))) == 15
assert c_m.copy_assignments + c_m.copy_constructions == 0
assert c_m.move_assignments == 6
assert c_m.move_constructions == 9
assert c_mc.copy_assignments + c_mc.copy_constructions == 0
assert c_mc.move_assignments == 5
assert c_mc.move_constructions == 8
assert c_c.copy_assignments == 4
assert c_c.copy_constructions == 6
assert c_m.alive() + c_mc.alive() + c_c.alive() == 0
@pytest.mark.skipif(not m.has_optional, reason='no <optional>')
def test_move_and_copy_load_optional():
"""Tests move/copy loads of std::optional arguments"""
cstats = m.move_and_copy_cstats()
c_m, c_mc, c_c = cstats["MoveOnlyInt"], cstats["MoveOrCopyInt"], cstats["CopyOnlyInt"]
# The extra move/copy constructions below come from the std::optional move (which has to move
# its arguments):
assert m.move_optional(10) == 10 # c_m: 1 move assign, 2 move construct
assert m.move_or_copy_optional(11) == 11 # c_mc: 1 move assign, 2 move construct
assert m.copy_optional(12) == 12 # c_c: 1 copy assign, 2 copy construct
# 1 move assign + move construct moves each of c_m, c_mc, 1 c_c copy
# +1 move/copy construct each from moving the tuple
# +1 move/copy construct each from moving the optional (which moves the tuple again)
assert m.move_optional_tuple((3, 4, 5)) == 12
assert c_m.copy_assignments + c_m.copy_constructions == 0
assert c_m.move_assignments == 2
assert c_m.move_constructions == 5
assert c_mc.copy_assignments + c_mc.copy_constructions == 0
assert c_mc.move_assignments == 2
assert c_mc.move_constructions == 5
assert c_c.copy_assignments == 2
assert c_c.copy_constructions == 5
assert c_m.alive() + c_mc.alive() + c_c.alive() == 0
def test_private_op_new():
"""An object with a private `operator new` cannot be returned by value"""
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.private_op_new_value()
assert "the object is neither movable nor copyable" in str(excinfo.value)
assert m.private_op_new_reference().value == 1
def test_move_fallback():
"""#389: rvp::move should fall-through to copy on non-movable objects"""
m2 = m.get_moveissue2(2)
assert m2.value == 2
m1 = m.get_moveissue1(1)
assert m1.value == 1

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/*
tests/test_docstring_options.cpp -- generation of docstrings and signatures
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(docstring_options, m) {
// test_docstring_options
{
py::options options;
options.disable_function_signatures();
m.def("test_function1", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
m.def("test_function2", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
m.def("test_overloaded1", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "Overload docstring");
m.def("test_overloaded1", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"));
m.def("test_overloaded2", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "overload docstring 1");
m.def("test_overloaded2", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "overload docstring 2");
m.def("test_overloaded3", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"));
m.def("test_overloaded3", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "Overload docstr");
options.enable_function_signatures();
m.def("test_function3", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
m.def("test_function4", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
options.disable_function_signatures().disable_user_defined_docstrings();
m.def("test_function5", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
{
py::options nested_options;
nested_options.enable_user_defined_docstrings();
m.def("test_function6", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
}
}
m.def("test_function7", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
{
py::options options;
options.disable_user_defined_docstrings();
struct DocstringTestFoo {
int value;
void setValue(int v) { value = v; }
int getValue() const { return value; }
};
py::class_<DocstringTestFoo>(m, "DocstringTestFoo", "This is a class docstring")
.def_property("value_prop", &DocstringTestFoo::getValue, &DocstringTestFoo::setValue, "This is a property docstring")
;
}
}

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from pybind11_tests import docstring_options as m
def test_docstring_options():
# options.disable_function_signatures()
assert not m.test_function1.__doc__
assert m.test_function2.__doc__ == "A custom docstring"
# docstring specified on just the first overload definition:
assert m.test_overloaded1.__doc__ == "Overload docstring"
# docstring on both overloads:
assert m.test_overloaded2.__doc__ == "overload docstring 1\noverload docstring 2"
# docstring on only second overload:
assert m.test_overloaded3.__doc__ == "Overload docstr"
# options.enable_function_signatures()
assert m.test_function3.__doc__ .startswith("test_function3(a: int, b: int) -> None")
assert m.test_function4.__doc__ .startswith("test_function4(a: int, b: int) -> None")
assert m.test_function4.__doc__ .endswith("A custom docstring\n")
# options.disable_function_signatures()
# options.disable_user_defined_docstrings()
assert not m.test_function5.__doc__
# nested options.enable_user_defined_docstrings()
assert m.test_function6.__doc__ == "A custom docstring"
# RAII destructor
assert m.test_function7.__doc__ .startswith("test_function7(a: int, b: int) -> None")
assert m.test_function7.__doc__ .endswith("A custom docstring\n")
# Suppression of user-defined docstrings for non-function objects
assert not m.DocstringTestFoo.__doc__
assert not m.DocstringTestFoo.value_prop.__doc__

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/*
tests/eigen.cpp -- automatic conversion of Eigen types
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/eigen.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
# pragma warning(disable: 4996) // C4996: std::unary_negation is deprecated
#endif
#include <Eigen/Cholesky>
using MatrixXdR = Eigen::Matrix<double, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::RowMajor>;
// Sets/resets a testing reference matrix to have values of 10*r + c, where r and c are the
// (1-based) row/column number.
template <typename M> void reset_ref(M &x) {
for (int i = 0; i < x.rows(); i++) for (int j = 0; j < x.cols(); j++)
x(i, j) = 11 + 10*i + j;
}
// Returns a static, column-major matrix
Eigen::MatrixXd &get_cm() {
static Eigen::MatrixXd *x;
if (!x) {
x = new Eigen::MatrixXd(3, 3);
reset_ref(*x);
}
return *x;
}
// Likewise, but row-major
MatrixXdR &get_rm() {
static MatrixXdR *x;
if (!x) {
x = new MatrixXdR(3, 3);
reset_ref(*x);
}
return *x;
}
// Resets the values of the static matrices returned by get_cm()/get_rm()
void reset_refs() {
reset_ref(get_cm());
reset_ref(get_rm());
}
// Returns element 2,1 from a matrix (used to test copy/nocopy)
double get_elem(Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> m) { return m(2, 1); };
// Returns a matrix with 10*r + 100*c added to each matrix element (to help test that the matrix
// reference is referencing rows/columns correctly).
template <typename MatrixArgType> Eigen::MatrixXd adjust_matrix(MatrixArgType m) {
Eigen::MatrixXd ret(m);
for (int c = 0; c < m.cols(); c++) for (int r = 0; r < m.rows(); r++)
ret(r, c) += 10*r + 100*c;
return ret;
}
struct CustomOperatorNew {
CustomOperatorNew() = default;
Eigen::Matrix4d a = Eigen::Matrix4d::Zero();
Eigen::Matrix4d b = Eigen::Matrix4d::Identity();
EIGEN_MAKE_ALIGNED_OPERATOR_NEW;
};
TEST_SUBMODULE(eigen, m) {
using FixedMatrixR = Eigen::Matrix<float, 5, 6, Eigen::RowMajor>;
using FixedMatrixC = Eigen::Matrix<float, 5, 6>;
using DenseMatrixR = Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::RowMajor>;
using DenseMatrixC = Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic>;
using FourRowMatrixC = Eigen::Matrix<float, 4, Eigen::Dynamic>;
using FourColMatrixC = Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, 4>;
using FourRowMatrixR = Eigen::Matrix<float, 4, Eigen::Dynamic>;
using FourColMatrixR = Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, 4>;
using SparseMatrixR = Eigen::SparseMatrix<float, Eigen::RowMajor>;
using SparseMatrixC = Eigen::SparseMatrix<float>;
m.attr("have_eigen") = true;
// various tests
m.def("double_col", [](const Eigen::VectorXf &x) -> Eigen::VectorXf { return 2.0f * x; });
m.def("double_row", [](const Eigen::RowVectorXf &x) -> Eigen::RowVectorXf { return 2.0f * x; });
m.def("double_complex", [](const Eigen::VectorXcf &x) -> Eigen::VectorXcf { return 2.0f * x; });
m.def("double_threec", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::Vector3f> x) { x *= 2; });
m.def("double_threer", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::RowVector3f> x) { x *= 2; });
m.def("double_mat_cm", [](Eigen::MatrixXf x) -> Eigen::MatrixXf { return 2.0f * x; });
m.def("double_mat_rm", [](DenseMatrixR x) -> DenseMatrixR { return 2.0f * x; });
// test_eigen_ref_to_python
// Different ways of passing via Eigen::Ref; the first and second are the Eigen-recommended
m.def("cholesky1", [](Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR> x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
m.def("cholesky2", [](const Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXdR> &x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
m.def("cholesky3", [](const Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR> &x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
m.def("cholesky4", [](Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXdR> x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
// test_eigen_ref_mutators
// Mutators: these add some value to the given element using Eigen, but Eigen should be mapping into
// the numpy array data and so the result should show up there. There are three versions: one that
// works on a contiguous-row matrix (numpy's default), one for a contiguous-column matrix, and one
// for any matrix.
auto add_rm = [](Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR> x, int r, int c, double v) { x(r,c) += v; };
auto add_cm = [](Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd> x, int r, int c, double v) { x(r,c) += v; };
// Mutators (Eigen maps into numpy variables):
m.def("add_rm", add_rm); // Only takes row-contiguous
m.def("add_cm", add_cm); // Only takes column-contiguous
// Overloaded versions that will accept either row or column contiguous:
m.def("add1", add_rm);
m.def("add1", add_cm);
m.def("add2", add_cm);
m.def("add2", add_rm);
// This one accepts a matrix of any stride:
m.def("add_any", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> x, int r, int c, double v) { x(r,c) += v; });
// Return mutable references (numpy maps into eigen variables)
m.def("get_cm_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd>(get_cm()); });
m.def("get_rm_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR>(get_rm()); });
// The same references, but non-mutable (numpy maps into eigen variables, but is !writeable)
m.def("get_cm_const_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd>(get_cm()); });
m.def("get_rm_const_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXdR>(get_rm()); });
m.def("reset_refs", reset_refs); // Restores get_{cm,rm}_ref to original values
// Increments and returns ref to (same) matrix
m.def("incr_matrix", [](Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd> m, double v) {
m += Eigen::MatrixXd::Constant(m.rows(), m.cols(), v);
return m;
}, py::return_value_policy::reference);
// Same, but accepts a matrix of any strides
m.def("incr_matrix_any", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> m, double v) {
m += Eigen::MatrixXd::Constant(m.rows(), m.cols(), v);
return m;
}, py::return_value_policy::reference);
// Returns an eigen slice of even rows
m.def("even_rows", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> m) {
return py::EigenDMap<Eigen::MatrixXd>(
m.data(), (m.rows() + 1) / 2, m.cols(),
py::EigenDStride(m.outerStride(), 2 * m.innerStride()));
}, py::return_value_policy::reference);
// Returns an eigen slice of even columns
m.def("even_cols", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> m) {
return py::EigenDMap<Eigen::MatrixXd>(
m.data(), m.rows(), (m.cols() + 1) / 2,
py::EigenDStride(2 * m.outerStride(), m.innerStride()));
}, py::return_value_policy::reference);
// Returns diagonals: a vector-like object with an inner stride != 1
m.def("diagonal", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x) { return x.diagonal(); });
m.def("diagonal_1", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x) { return x.diagonal<1>(); });
m.def("diagonal_n", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x, int index) { return x.diagonal(index); });
// Return a block of a matrix (gives non-standard strides)
m.def("block", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x, int start_row, int start_col, int block_rows, int block_cols) {
return x.block(start_row, start_col, block_rows, block_cols);
});
// test_eigen_return_references, test_eigen_keepalive
// return value referencing/copying tests:
class ReturnTester {
Eigen::MatrixXd mat = create();
public:
ReturnTester() { print_created(this); }
~ReturnTester() { print_destroyed(this); }
static Eigen::MatrixXd create() { return Eigen::MatrixXd::Ones(10, 10); }
static const Eigen::MatrixXd createConst() { return Eigen::MatrixXd::Ones(10, 10); }
Eigen::MatrixXd &get() { return mat; }
Eigen::MatrixXd *getPtr() { return &mat; }
const Eigen::MatrixXd &view() { return mat; }
const Eigen::MatrixXd *viewPtr() { return &mat; }
Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd> ref() { return mat; }
Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> refConst() { return mat; }
Eigen::Block<Eigen::MatrixXd> block(int r, int c, int nrow, int ncol) { return mat.block(r, c, nrow, ncol); }
Eigen::Block<const Eigen::MatrixXd> blockConst(int r, int c, int nrow, int ncol) const { return mat.block(r, c, nrow, ncol); }
py::EigenDMap<Eigen::Matrix2d> corners() { return py::EigenDMap<Eigen::Matrix2d>(mat.data(),
py::EigenDStride(mat.outerStride() * (mat.outerSize()-1), mat.innerStride() * (mat.innerSize()-1))); }
py::EigenDMap<const Eigen::Matrix2d> cornersConst() const { return py::EigenDMap<const Eigen::Matrix2d>(mat.data(),
py::EigenDStride(mat.outerStride() * (mat.outerSize()-1), mat.innerStride() * (mat.innerSize()-1))); }
};
using rvp = py::return_value_policy;
py::class_<ReturnTester>(m, "ReturnTester")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_static("create", &ReturnTester::create)
.def_static("create_const", &ReturnTester::createConst)
.def("get", &ReturnTester::get, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("get_ptr", &ReturnTester::getPtr, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("view", &ReturnTester::view, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("view_ptr", &ReturnTester::view, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("copy_get", &ReturnTester::get) // Default rvp: copy
.def("copy_view", &ReturnTester::view) // "
.def("ref", &ReturnTester::ref) // Default for Ref is to reference
.def("ref_const", &ReturnTester::refConst) // Likewise, but const
.def("ref_safe", &ReturnTester::ref, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("ref_const_safe", &ReturnTester::refConst, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("copy_ref", &ReturnTester::ref, rvp::copy)
.def("copy_ref_const", &ReturnTester::refConst, rvp::copy)
.def("block", &ReturnTester::block)
.def("block_safe", &ReturnTester::block, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("block_const", &ReturnTester::blockConst, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("copy_block", &ReturnTester::block, rvp::copy)
.def("corners", &ReturnTester::corners, rvp::reference_internal)
.def("corners_const", &ReturnTester::cornersConst, rvp::reference_internal)
;
// test_special_matrix_objects
// Returns a DiagonalMatrix with diagonal (1,2,3,...)
m.def("incr_diag", [](int k) {
Eigen::DiagonalMatrix<int, Eigen::Dynamic> m(k);
for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) m.diagonal()[i] = i+1;
return m;
});
// Returns a SelfAdjointView referencing the lower triangle of m
m.def("symmetric_lower", [](const Eigen::MatrixXi &m) {
return m.selfadjointView<Eigen::Lower>();
});
// Returns a SelfAdjointView referencing the lower triangle of m
m.def("symmetric_upper", [](const Eigen::MatrixXi &m) {
return m.selfadjointView<Eigen::Upper>();
});
// Test matrix for various functions below.
Eigen::MatrixXf mat(5, 6);
mat << 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 11,
22, 0, 0, 0, 17, 11,
7, 5, 0, 1, 0, 11,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11,
0, 0, 14, 0, 8, 11;
// test_fixed, and various other tests
m.def("fixed_r", [mat]() -> FixedMatrixR { return FixedMatrixR(mat); });
m.def("fixed_r_const", [mat]() -> const FixedMatrixR { return FixedMatrixR(mat); });
m.def("fixed_c", [mat]() -> FixedMatrixC { return FixedMatrixC(mat); });
m.def("fixed_copy_r", [](const FixedMatrixR &m) -> FixedMatrixR { return m; });
m.def("fixed_copy_c", [](const FixedMatrixC &m) -> FixedMatrixC { return m; });
// test_mutator_descriptors
m.def("fixed_mutator_r", [](Eigen::Ref<FixedMatrixR>) {});
m.def("fixed_mutator_c", [](Eigen::Ref<FixedMatrixC>) {});
m.def("fixed_mutator_a", [](py::EigenDRef<FixedMatrixC>) {});
// test_dense
m.def("dense_r", [mat]() -> DenseMatrixR { return DenseMatrixR(mat); });
m.def("dense_c", [mat]() -> DenseMatrixC { return DenseMatrixC(mat); });
m.def("dense_copy_r", [](const DenseMatrixR &m) -> DenseMatrixR { return m; });
m.def("dense_copy_c", [](const DenseMatrixC &m) -> DenseMatrixC { return m; });
// test_sparse, test_sparse_signature
m.def("sparse_r", [mat]() -> SparseMatrixR { return Eigen::SparseView<Eigen::MatrixXf>(mat); });
m.def("sparse_c", [mat]() -> SparseMatrixC { return Eigen::SparseView<Eigen::MatrixXf>(mat); });
m.def("sparse_copy_r", [](const SparseMatrixR &m) -> SparseMatrixR { return m; });
m.def("sparse_copy_c", [](const SparseMatrixC &m) -> SparseMatrixC { return m; });
// test_partially_fixed
m.def("partial_copy_four_rm_r", [](const FourRowMatrixR &m) -> FourRowMatrixR { return m; });
m.def("partial_copy_four_rm_c", [](const FourColMatrixR &m) -> FourColMatrixR { return m; });
m.def("partial_copy_four_cm_r", [](const FourRowMatrixC &m) -> FourRowMatrixC { return m; });
m.def("partial_copy_four_cm_c", [](const FourColMatrixC &m) -> FourColMatrixC { return m; });
// test_cpp_casting
// Test that we can cast a numpy object to a Eigen::MatrixXd explicitly
m.def("cpp_copy", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<Eigen::MatrixXd>()(1, 0); });
m.def("cpp_ref_c", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd>>()(1, 0); });
m.def("cpp_ref_r", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR>>()(1, 0); });
m.def("cpp_ref_any", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd>>()(1, 0); });
// test_nocopy_wrapper
// Test that we can prevent copying into an argument that would normally copy: First a version
// that would allow copying (if types or strides don't match) for comparison:
m.def("get_elem", &get_elem);
// Now this alternative that calls the tells pybind to fail rather than copy:
m.def("get_elem_nocopy", [](Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> m) -> double { return get_elem(m); },
py::arg().noconvert());
// Also test a row-major-only no-copy const ref:
m.def("get_elem_rm_nocopy", [](Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::Matrix<long, -1, -1, Eigen::RowMajor>> &m) -> long { return m(2, 1); },
py::arg().noconvert());
// test_issue738
// Issue #738: 1xN or Nx1 2D matrices were neither accepted nor properly copied with an
// incompatible stride value on the length-1 dimension--but that should be allowed (without
// requiring a copy!) because the stride value can be safely ignored on a size-1 dimension.
m.def("iss738_f1", &adjust_matrix<const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &>, py::arg().noconvert());
m.def("iss738_f2", &adjust_matrix<const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::Matrix<double, -1, -1, Eigen::RowMajor>> &>, py::arg().noconvert());
// test_issue1105
// Issue #1105: when converting from a numpy two-dimensional (Nx1) or (1xN) value into a dense
// eigen Vector or RowVector, the argument would fail to load because the numpy copy would fail:
// numpy won't broadcast a Nx1 into a 1-dimensional vector.
m.def("iss1105_col", [](Eigen::VectorXd) { return true; });
m.def("iss1105_row", [](Eigen::RowVectorXd) { return true; });
// test_named_arguments
// Make sure named arguments are working properly:
m.def("matrix_multiply", [](const py::EigenDRef<const Eigen::MatrixXd> A, const py::EigenDRef<const Eigen::MatrixXd> B)
-> Eigen::MatrixXd {
if (A.cols() != B.rows()) throw std::domain_error("Nonconformable matrices!");
return A * B;
}, py::arg("A"), py::arg("B"));
// test_custom_operator_new
py::class_<CustomOperatorNew>(m, "CustomOperatorNew")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("a", &CustomOperatorNew::a)
.def_readonly("b", &CustomOperatorNew::b);
// test_eigen_ref_life_support
// In case of a failure (the caster's temp array does not live long enough), creating
// a new array (np.ones(10)) increases the chances that the temp array will be garbage
// collected and/or that its memory will be overridden with different values.
m.def("get_elem_direct", [](Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::VectorXd> v) {
py::module::import("numpy").attr("ones")(10);
return v(5);
});
m.def("get_elem_indirect", [](std::vector<Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::VectorXd>> v) {
py::module::import("numpy").attr("ones")(10);
return v[0](5);
});
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
pytestmark = pytest.requires_eigen_and_numpy
with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
from pybind11_tests import eigen as m
import numpy as np
ref = np.array([[ 0., 3, 0, 0, 0, 11],
[22, 0, 0, 0, 17, 11],
[ 7, 5, 0, 1, 0, 11],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11],
[ 0, 0, 14, 0, 8, 11]])
def assert_equal_ref(mat):
np.testing.assert_array_equal(mat, ref)
def assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_mat):
assert_equal_ref(sparse_mat.toarray())
def test_fixed():
assert_equal_ref(m.fixed_c())
assert_equal_ref(m.fixed_r())
assert_equal_ref(m.fixed_copy_r(m.fixed_r()))
assert_equal_ref(m.fixed_copy_c(m.fixed_c()))
assert_equal_ref(m.fixed_copy_r(m.fixed_c()))
assert_equal_ref(m.fixed_copy_c(m.fixed_r()))
def test_dense():
assert_equal_ref(m.dense_r())
assert_equal_ref(m.dense_c())
assert_equal_ref(m.dense_copy_r(m.dense_r()))
assert_equal_ref(m.dense_copy_c(m.dense_c()))
assert_equal_ref(m.dense_copy_r(m.dense_c()))
assert_equal_ref(m.dense_copy_c(m.dense_r()))
def test_partially_fixed():
ref2 = np.array([[0., 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14, 15]])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_rm_r(ref2), ref2)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_rm_c(ref2), ref2)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_rm_r(ref2[:, 1]), ref2[:, [1]])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_rm_c(ref2[0, :]), ref2[[0], :])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_rm_r(ref2[:, (0, 2)]), ref2[:, (0, 2)])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(
m.partial_copy_four_rm_c(ref2[(3, 1, 2), :]), ref2[(3, 1, 2), :])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_cm_r(ref2), ref2)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_cm_c(ref2), ref2)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_cm_r(ref2[:, 1]), ref2[:, [1]])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_cm_c(ref2[0, :]), ref2[[0], :])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.partial_copy_four_cm_r(ref2[:, (0, 2)]), ref2[:, (0, 2)])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(
m.partial_copy_four_cm_c(ref2[(3, 1, 2), :]), ref2[(3, 1, 2), :])
# TypeError should be raise for a shape mismatch
functions = [m.partial_copy_four_rm_r, m.partial_copy_four_rm_c,
m.partial_copy_four_cm_r, m.partial_copy_four_cm_c]
matrix_with_wrong_shape = [[1, 2],
[3, 4]]
for f in functions:
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
f(matrix_with_wrong_shape)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
def test_mutator_descriptors():
zr = np.arange(30, dtype='float32').reshape(5, 6) # row-major
zc = zr.reshape(6, 5).transpose() # column-major
m.fixed_mutator_r(zr)
m.fixed_mutator_c(zc)
m.fixed_mutator_a(zr)
m.fixed_mutator_a(zc)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.fixed_mutator_r(zc)
assert ('(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[5, 6], flags.writeable, flags.c_contiguous]) -> None'
in str(excinfo.value))
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.fixed_mutator_c(zr)
assert ('(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[5, 6], flags.writeable, flags.f_contiguous]) -> None'
in str(excinfo.value))
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.fixed_mutator_a(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float32'))
assert ('(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[5, 6], flags.writeable]) -> None'
in str(excinfo.value))
zr.flags.writeable = False
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.fixed_mutator_r(zr)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.fixed_mutator_a(zr)
def test_cpp_casting():
assert m.cpp_copy(m.fixed_r()) == 22.
assert m.cpp_copy(m.fixed_c()) == 22.
z = np.array([[5., 6], [7, 8]])
assert m.cpp_copy(z) == 7.
assert m.cpp_copy(m.get_cm_ref()) == 21.
assert m.cpp_copy(m.get_rm_ref()) == 21.
assert m.cpp_ref_c(m.get_cm_ref()) == 21.
assert m.cpp_ref_r(m.get_rm_ref()) == 21.
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
# Can't reference m.fixed_c: it contains floats, m.cpp_ref_any wants doubles
m.cpp_ref_any(m.fixed_c())
assert 'Unable to cast Python instance' in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
# Can't reference m.fixed_r: it contains floats, m.cpp_ref_any wants doubles
m.cpp_ref_any(m.fixed_r())
assert 'Unable to cast Python instance' in str(excinfo.value)
assert m.cpp_ref_any(m.ReturnTester.create()) == 1.
assert m.cpp_ref_any(m.get_cm_ref()) == 21.
assert m.cpp_ref_any(m.get_cm_ref()) == 21.
def test_pass_readonly_array():
z = np.full((5, 6), 42.0)
z.flags.writeable = False
np.testing.assert_array_equal(z, m.fixed_copy_r(z))
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.fixed_r_const(), m.fixed_r())
assert not m.fixed_r_const().flags.writeable
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.fixed_copy_r(m.fixed_r_const()), m.fixed_r_const())
def test_nonunit_stride_from_python():
counting_mat = np.arange(9.0, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 3))
second_row = counting_mat[1, :]
second_col = counting_mat[:, 1]
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_row(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_col(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_complex(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_row(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_col(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_complex(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
counting_3d = np.arange(27.0, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 3, 3))
slices = [counting_3d[0, :, :], counting_3d[:, 0, :], counting_3d[:, :, 0]]
for slice_idx, ref_mat in enumerate(slices):
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_mat_cm(ref_mat), 2.0 * ref_mat)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_mat_rm(ref_mat), 2.0 * ref_mat)
# Mutator:
m.double_threer(second_row)
m.double_threec(second_col)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(counting_mat, [[0., 2, 2], [6, 16, 10], [6, 14, 8]])
def test_negative_stride_from_python(msg):
"""Eigen doesn't support (as of yet) negative strides. When a function takes an Eigen matrix by
copy or const reference, we can pass a numpy array that has negative strides. Otherwise, an
exception will be thrown as Eigen will not be able to map the numpy array."""
counting_mat = np.arange(9.0, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 3))
counting_mat = counting_mat[::-1, ::-1]
second_row = counting_mat[1, :]
second_col = counting_mat[:, 1]
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_row(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_col(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_complex(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_row(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_col(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_complex(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
counting_3d = np.arange(27.0, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 3, 3))
counting_3d = counting_3d[::-1, ::-1, ::-1]
slices = [counting_3d[0, :, :], counting_3d[:, 0, :], counting_3d[:, :, 0]]
for slice_idx, ref_mat in enumerate(slices):
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_mat_cm(ref_mat), 2.0 * ref_mat)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.double_mat_rm(ref_mat), 2.0 * ref_mat)
# Mutator:
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.double_threer(second_row)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
double_threer(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[1, 3], flags.writeable]) -> None
Invoked with: """ + repr(np.array([ 5., 4., 3.], dtype='float32')) # noqa: E501 line too long
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.double_threec(second_col)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
double_threec(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[3, 1], flags.writeable]) -> None
Invoked with: """ + repr(np.array([ 7., 4., 1.], dtype='float32')) # noqa: E501 line too long
def test_nonunit_stride_to_python():
assert np.all(m.diagonal(ref) == ref.diagonal())
assert np.all(m.diagonal_1(ref) == ref.diagonal(1))
for i in range(-5, 7):
assert np.all(m.diagonal_n(ref, i) == ref.diagonal(i)), "m.diagonal_n({})".format(i)
assert np.all(m.block(ref, 2, 1, 3, 3) == ref[2:5, 1:4])
assert np.all(m.block(ref, 1, 4, 4, 2) == ref[1:, 4:])
assert np.all(m.block(ref, 1, 4, 3, 2) == ref[1:4, 4:])
def test_eigen_ref_to_python():
chols = [m.cholesky1, m.cholesky2, m.cholesky3, m.cholesky4]
for i, chol in enumerate(chols, start=1):
mymat = chol(np.array([[1., 2, 4], [2, 13, 23], [4, 23, 77]]))
assert np.all(mymat == np.array([[1, 0, 0], [2, 3, 0], [4, 5, 6]])), "cholesky{}".format(i)
def assign_both(a1, a2, r, c, v):
a1[r, c] = v
a2[r, c] = v
def array_copy_but_one(a, r, c, v):
z = np.array(a, copy=True)
z[r, c] = v
return z
def test_eigen_return_references():
"""Tests various ways of returning references and non-referencing copies"""
master = np.ones((10, 10))
a = m.ReturnTester()
a_get1 = a.get()
assert not a_get1.flags.owndata and a_get1.flags.writeable
assign_both(a_get1, master, 3, 3, 5)
a_get2 = a.get_ptr()
assert not a_get2.flags.owndata and a_get2.flags.writeable
assign_both(a_get1, master, 2, 3, 6)
a_view1 = a.view()
assert not a_view1.flags.owndata and not a_view1.flags.writeable
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
a_view1[2, 3] = 4
a_view2 = a.view_ptr()
assert not a_view2.flags.owndata and not a_view2.flags.writeable
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
a_view2[2, 3] = 4
a_copy1 = a.copy_get()
assert a_copy1.flags.owndata and a_copy1.flags.writeable
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy1, master)
a_copy1[7, 7] = -44 # Shouldn't affect anything else
c1want = array_copy_but_one(master, 7, 7, -44)
a_copy2 = a.copy_view()
assert a_copy2.flags.owndata and a_copy2.flags.writeable
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy2, master)
a_copy2[4, 4] = -22 # Shouldn't affect anything else
c2want = array_copy_but_one(master, 4, 4, -22)
a_ref1 = a.ref()
assert not a_ref1.flags.owndata and a_ref1.flags.writeable
assign_both(a_ref1, master, 1, 1, 15)
a_ref2 = a.ref_const()
assert not a_ref2.flags.owndata and not a_ref2.flags.writeable
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
a_ref2[5, 5] = 33
a_ref3 = a.ref_safe()
assert not a_ref3.flags.owndata and a_ref3.flags.writeable
assign_both(a_ref3, master, 0, 7, 99)
a_ref4 = a.ref_const_safe()
assert not a_ref4.flags.owndata and not a_ref4.flags.writeable
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
a_ref4[7, 0] = 987654321
a_copy3 = a.copy_ref()
assert a_copy3.flags.owndata and a_copy3.flags.writeable
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy3, master)
a_copy3[8, 1] = 11
c3want = array_copy_but_one(master, 8, 1, 11)
a_copy4 = a.copy_ref_const()
assert a_copy4.flags.owndata and a_copy4.flags.writeable
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy4, master)
a_copy4[8, 4] = 88
c4want = array_copy_but_one(master, 8, 4, 88)
a_block1 = a.block(3, 3, 2, 2)
assert not a_block1.flags.owndata and a_block1.flags.writeable
a_block1[0, 0] = 55
master[3, 3] = 55
a_block2 = a.block_safe(2, 2, 3, 2)
assert not a_block2.flags.owndata and a_block2.flags.writeable
a_block2[2, 1] = -123
master[4, 3] = -123
a_block3 = a.block_const(6, 7, 4, 3)
assert not a_block3.flags.owndata and not a_block3.flags.writeable
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
a_block3[2, 2] = -44444
a_copy5 = a.copy_block(2, 2, 2, 3)
assert a_copy5.flags.owndata and a_copy5.flags.writeable
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy5, master[2:4, 2:5])
a_copy5[1, 1] = 777
c5want = array_copy_but_one(master[2:4, 2:5], 1, 1, 777)
a_corn1 = a.corners()
assert not a_corn1.flags.owndata and a_corn1.flags.writeable
a_corn1 *= 50
a_corn1[1, 1] = 999
master[0, 0] = 50
master[0, 9] = 50
master[9, 0] = 50
master[9, 9] = 999
a_corn2 = a.corners_const()
assert not a_corn2.flags.owndata and not a_corn2.flags.writeable
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
a_corn2[1, 0] = 51
# All of the changes made all the way along should be visible everywhere
# now (except for the copies, of course)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_get1, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_get2, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_view1, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_view2, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref1, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref2, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref3, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref4, master)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_block1, master[3:5, 3:5])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_block2, master[2:5, 2:4])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_block3, master[6:10, 7:10])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_corn1, master[0::master.shape[0] - 1, 0::master.shape[1] - 1])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_corn2, master[0::master.shape[0] - 1, 0::master.shape[1] - 1])
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy1, c1want)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy2, c2want)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy3, c3want)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy4, c4want)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy5, c5want)
def assert_keeps_alive(cl, method, *args):
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(cl)
start_with = cstats.alive()
a = cl()
assert cstats.alive() == start_with + 1
z = method(a, *args)
assert cstats.alive() == start_with + 1
del a
# Here's the keep alive in action:
assert cstats.alive() == start_with + 1
del z
# Keep alive should have expired:
assert cstats.alive() == start_with
def test_eigen_keepalive():
a = m.ReturnTester()
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.ReturnTester)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
unsafe = [a.ref(), a.ref_const(), a.block(1, 2, 3, 4)]
copies = [a.copy_get(), a.copy_view(), a.copy_ref(), a.copy_ref_const(),
a.copy_block(4, 3, 2, 1)]
del a
assert cstats.alive() == 0
del unsafe
del copies
for meth in [m.ReturnTester.get, m.ReturnTester.get_ptr, m.ReturnTester.view,
m.ReturnTester.view_ptr, m.ReturnTester.ref_safe, m.ReturnTester.ref_const_safe,
m.ReturnTester.corners, m.ReturnTester.corners_const]:
assert_keeps_alive(m.ReturnTester, meth)
for meth in [m.ReturnTester.block_safe, m.ReturnTester.block_const]:
assert_keeps_alive(m.ReturnTester, meth, 4, 3, 2, 1)
def test_eigen_ref_mutators():
"""Tests Eigen's ability to mutate numpy values"""
orig = np.array([[1., 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
zr = np.array(orig)
zc = np.array(orig, order='F')
m.add_rm(zr, 1, 0, 100)
assert np.all(zr == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [104, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
m.add_cm(zc, 1, 0, 200)
assert np.all(zc == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [204, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
m.add_any(zr, 1, 0, 20)
assert np.all(zr == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [124, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
m.add_any(zc, 1, 0, 10)
assert np.all(zc == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [214, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
# Can't reference a col-major array with a row-major Ref, and vice versa:
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_rm(zc, 1, 0, 1)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_cm(zr, 1, 0, 1)
# Overloads:
m.add1(zr, 1, 0, -100)
m.add2(zr, 1, 0, -20)
assert np.all(zr == orig)
m.add1(zc, 1, 0, -200)
m.add2(zc, 1, 0, -10)
assert np.all(zc == orig)
# a non-contiguous slice (this won't work on either the row- or
# column-contiguous refs, but should work for the any)
cornersr = zr[0::2, 0::2]
cornersc = zc[0::2, 0::2]
assert np.all(cornersr == np.array([[1., 3], [7, 9]]))
assert np.all(cornersc == np.array([[1., 3], [7, 9]]))
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_rm(cornersr, 0, 1, 25)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_cm(cornersr, 0, 1, 25)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_rm(cornersc, 0, 1, 25)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_cm(cornersc, 0, 1, 25)
m.add_any(cornersr, 0, 1, 25)
m.add_any(cornersc, 0, 1, 44)
assert np.all(zr == np.array([[1., 2, 28], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
assert np.all(zc == np.array([[1., 2, 47], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
# You shouldn't be allowed to pass a non-writeable array to a mutating Eigen method:
zro = zr[0:4, 0:4]
zro.flags.writeable = False
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_rm(zro, 0, 0, 0)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_any(zro, 0, 0, 0)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add1(zro, 0, 0, 0)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add2(zro, 0, 0, 0)
# integer array shouldn't be passable to a double-matrix-accepting mutating func:
zi = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.add_rm(zi)
def test_numpy_ref_mutators():
"""Tests numpy mutating Eigen matrices (for returned Eigen::Ref<...>s)"""
m.reset_refs() # In case another test already changed it
zc = m.get_cm_ref()
zcro = m.get_cm_const_ref()
zr = m.get_rm_ref()
zrro = m.get_rm_const_ref()
assert [zc[1, 2], zcro[1, 2], zr[1, 2], zrro[1, 2]] == [23] * 4
assert not zc.flags.owndata and zc.flags.writeable
assert not zr.flags.owndata and zr.flags.writeable
assert not zcro.flags.owndata and not zcro.flags.writeable
assert not zrro.flags.owndata and not zrro.flags.writeable
zc[1, 2] = 99
expect = np.array([[11., 12, 13], [21, 22, 99], [31, 32, 33]])
# We should have just changed zc, of course, but also zcro and the original eigen matrix
assert np.all(zc == expect)
assert np.all(zcro == expect)
assert np.all(m.get_cm_ref() == expect)
zr[1, 2] = 99
assert np.all(zr == expect)
assert np.all(zrro == expect)
assert np.all(m.get_rm_ref() == expect)
# Make sure the readonly ones are numpy-readonly:
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
zcro[1, 2] = 6
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
zrro[1, 2] = 6
# We should be able to explicitly copy like this (and since we're copying,
# the const should drop away)
y1 = np.array(m.get_cm_const_ref())
assert y1.flags.owndata and y1.flags.writeable
# We should get copies of the eigen data, which was modified above:
assert y1[1, 2] == 99
y1[1, 2] += 12
assert y1[1, 2] == 111
assert zc[1, 2] == 99 # Make sure we aren't referencing the original
def test_both_ref_mutators():
"""Tests a complex chain of nested eigen/numpy references"""
m.reset_refs() # In case another test already changed it
z = m.get_cm_ref() # numpy -> eigen
z[0, 2] -= 3
z2 = m.incr_matrix(z, 1) # numpy -> eigen -> numpy -> eigen
z2[1, 1] += 6
z3 = m.incr_matrix(z, 2) # (numpy -> eigen)^3
z3[2, 2] += -5
z4 = m.incr_matrix(z, 3) # (numpy -> eigen)^4
z4[1, 1] -= 1
z5 = m.incr_matrix(z, 4) # (numpy -> eigen)^5
z5[0, 0] = 0
assert np.all(z == z2)
assert np.all(z == z3)
assert np.all(z == z4)
assert np.all(z == z5)
expect = np.array([[0., 22, 20], [31, 37, 33], [41, 42, 38]])
assert np.all(z == expect)
y = np.array(range(100), dtype='float64').reshape(10, 10)
y2 = m.incr_matrix_any(y, 10) # np -> eigen -> np
y3 = m.incr_matrix_any(y2[0::2, 0::2], -33) # np -> eigen -> np slice -> np -> eigen -> np
y4 = m.even_rows(y3) # numpy -> eigen slice -> (... y3)
y5 = m.even_cols(y4) # numpy -> eigen slice -> (... y4)
y6 = m.incr_matrix_any(y5, 1000) # numpy -> eigen -> (... y5)
# Apply same mutations using just numpy:
yexpect = np.array(range(100), dtype='float64').reshape(10, 10)
yexpect += 10
yexpect[0::2, 0::2] -= 33
yexpect[0::4, 0::4] += 1000
assert np.all(y6 == yexpect[0::4, 0::4])
assert np.all(y5 == yexpect[0::4, 0::4])
assert np.all(y4 == yexpect[0::4, 0::2])
assert np.all(y3 == yexpect[0::2, 0::2])
assert np.all(y2 == yexpect)
assert np.all(y == yexpect)
def test_nocopy_wrapper():
# get_elem requires a column-contiguous matrix reference, but should be
# callable with other types of matrix (via copying):
int_matrix_colmajor = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], order='F')
dbl_matrix_colmajor = np.array(int_matrix_colmajor, dtype='double', order='F', copy=True)
int_matrix_rowmajor = np.array(int_matrix_colmajor, order='C', copy=True)
dbl_matrix_rowmajor = np.array(int_matrix_rowmajor, dtype='double', order='C', copy=True)
# All should be callable via get_elem:
assert m.get_elem(int_matrix_colmajor) == 8
assert m.get_elem(dbl_matrix_colmajor) == 8
assert m.get_elem(int_matrix_rowmajor) == 8
assert m.get_elem(dbl_matrix_rowmajor) == 8
# All but the second should fail with m.get_elem_nocopy:
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_elem_nocopy(int_matrix_colmajor)
assert ('get_elem_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
', flags.f_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
assert m.get_elem_nocopy(dbl_matrix_colmajor) == 8
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_elem_nocopy(int_matrix_rowmajor)
assert ('get_elem_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
', flags.f_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_elem_nocopy(dbl_matrix_rowmajor)
assert ('get_elem_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
', flags.f_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
# For the row-major test, we take a long matrix in row-major, so only the third is allowed:
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_elem_rm_nocopy(int_matrix_colmajor)
assert ('get_elem_rm_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
', flags.c_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_elem_rm_nocopy(dbl_matrix_colmajor)
assert ('get_elem_rm_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
', flags.c_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
assert m.get_elem_rm_nocopy(int_matrix_rowmajor) == 8
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_elem_rm_nocopy(dbl_matrix_rowmajor)
assert ('get_elem_rm_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
', flags.c_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
def test_eigen_ref_life_support():
"""Ensure the lifetime of temporary arrays created by the `Ref` caster
The `Ref` caster sometimes creates a copy which needs to stay alive. This needs to
happen both for directs casts (just the array) or indirectly (e.g. list of arrays).
"""
a = np.full(shape=10, fill_value=8, dtype=np.int8)
assert m.get_elem_direct(a) == 8
list_of_a = [a]
assert m.get_elem_indirect(list_of_a) == 8
def test_special_matrix_objects():
assert np.all(m.incr_diag(7) == np.diag([1., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]))
asymm = np.array([[ 1., 2, 3, 4],
[ 5, 6, 7, 8],
[ 9, 10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15, 16]])
symm_lower = np.array(asymm)
symm_upper = np.array(asymm)
for i in range(4):
for j in range(i + 1, 4):
symm_lower[i, j] = symm_lower[j, i]
symm_upper[j, i] = symm_upper[i, j]
assert np.all(m.symmetric_lower(asymm) == symm_lower)
assert np.all(m.symmetric_upper(asymm) == symm_upper)
def test_dense_signature(doc):
assert doc(m.double_col) == """
double_col(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[m, 1]]) -> numpy.ndarray[float32[m, 1]]
"""
assert doc(m.double_row) == """
double_row(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[1, n]]) -> numpy.ndarray[float32[1, n]]
"""
assert doc(m.double_complex) == """
double_complex(arg0: numpy.ndarray[complex64[m, 1]]) -> numpy.ndarray[complex64[m, 1]]
"""
assert doc(m.double_mat_rm) == """
double_mat_rm(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[m, n]]) -> numpy.ndarray[float32[m, n]]
"""
def test_named_arguments():
a = np.array([[1.0, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
b = np.ones((2, 1))
assert np.all(m.matrix_multiply(a, b) == np.array([[3.], [7], [11]]))
assert np.all(m.matrix_multiply(A=a, B=b) == np.array([[3.], [7], [11]]))
assert np.all(m.matrix_multiply(B=b, A=a) == np.array([[3.], [7], [11]]))
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.matrix_multiply(b, a)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'Nonconformable matrices!'
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.matrix_multiply(A=b, B=a)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'Nonconformable matrices!'
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.matrix_multiply(B=a, A=b)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'Nonconformable matrices!'
@pytest.requires_eigen_and_scipy
def test_sparse():
assert_sparse_equal_ref(m.sparse_r())
assert_sparse_equal_ref(m.sparse_c())
assert_sparse_equal_ref(m.sparse_copy_r(m.sparse_r()))
assert_sparse_equal_ref(m.sparse_copy_c(m.sparse_c()))
assert_sparse_equal_ref(m.sparse_copy_r(m.sparse_c()))
assert_sparse_equal_ref(m.sparse_copy_c(m.sparse_r()))
@pytest.requires_eigen_and_scipy
def test_sparse_signature(doc):
assert doc(m.sparse_copy_r) == """
sparse_copy_r(arg0: scipy.sparse.csr_matrix[float32]) -> scipy.sparse.csr_matrix[float32]
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert doc(m.sparse_copy_c) == """
sparse_copy_c(arg0: scipy.sparse.csc_matrix[float32]) -> scipy.sparse.csc_matrix[float32]
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
def test_issue738():
"""Ignore strides on a length-1 dimension (even if they would be incompatible length > 1)"""
assert np.all(m.iss738_f1(np.array([[1., 2, 3]])) == np.array([[1., 102, 203]]))
assert np.all(m.iss738_f1(np.array([[1.], [2], [3]])) == np.array([[1.], [12], [23]]))
assert np.all(m.iss738_f2(np.array([[1., 2, 3]])) == np.array([[1., 102, 203]]))
assert np.all(m.iss738_f2(np.array([[1.], [2], [3]])) == np.array([[1.], [12], [23]]))
def test_issue1105():
"""Issue 1105: 1xN or Nx1 input arrays weren't accepted for eigen
compile-time row vectors or column vector"""
assert m.iss1105_row(np.ones((1, 7)))
assert m.iss1105_col(np.ones((7, 1)))
# These should still fail (incompatible dimensions):
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.iss1105_row(np.ones((7, 1)))
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.iss1105_col(np.ones((1, 7)))
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo)
def test_custom_operator_new():
"""Using Eigen types as member variables requires a class-specific
operator new with proper alignment"""
o = m.CustomOperatorNew()
np.testing.assert_allclose(o.a, 0.0)
np.testing.assert_allclose(o.b.diagonal(), 1.0)

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if(${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION} MATCHES "pypy")
add_custom_target(cpptest) # Dummy target on PyPy. Embedding is not supported.
set(_suppress_unused_variable_warning "${DOWNLOAD_CATCH}")
return()
endif()
find_package(Catch 1.9.3)
if(CATCH_FOUND)
message(STATUS "Building interpreter tests using Catch v${CATCH_VERSION}")
else()
message(STATUS "Catch not detected. Interpreter tests will be skipped. Install Catch headers"
" manually or use `cmake -DDOWNLOAD_CATCH=1` to fetch them automatically.")
return()
endif()
add_executable(test_embed
catch.cpp
test_interpreter.cpp
)
target_include_directories(test_embed PRIVATE ${CATCH_INCLUDE_DIR})
pybind11_enable_warnings(test_embed)
if(NOT CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.0)
target_link_libraries(test_embed PRIVATE pybind11::embed)
else()
target_include_directories(test_embed PRIVATE ${PYBIND11_INCLUDE_DIR} ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS})
target_compile_options(test_embed PRIVATE ${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD})
target_link_libraries(test_embed PRIVATE ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES})
endif()
find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(test_embed PUBLIC ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
add_custom_target(cpptest COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:test_embed>
WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
pybind11_add_module(external_module THIN_LTO external_module.cpp)
set_target_properties(external_module PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
add_dependencies(cpptest external_module)
add_dependencies(check cpptest)

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// The Catch implementation is compiled here. This is a standalone
// translation unit to avoid recompiling it for every test change.
#include <pybind11/embed.h>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
// Silence MSVC C++17 deprecation warning from Catch regarding std::uncaught_exceptions (up to catch
// 2.0.1; this should be fixed in the next catch release after 2.0.1).
# pragma warning(disable: 4996)
#endif
#define CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER
#include <catch.hpp>
namespace py = pybind11;
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
py::scoped_interpreter guard{};
auto result = Catch::Session().run(argc, argv);
return result < 0xff ? result : 0xff;
}

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#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
namespace py = pybind11;
/* Simple test module/test class to check that the referenced internals data of external pybind11
* modules aren't preserved over a finalize/initialize.
*/
PYBIND11_MODULE(external_module, m) {
class A {
public:
A(int value) : v{value} {};
int v;
};
py::class_<A>(m, "A")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def_readwrite("value", &A::v);
m.def("internals_at", []() {
return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&py::detail::get_internals());
});
}

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#include <pybind11/embed.h>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
// Silence MSVC C++17 deprecation warning from Catch regarding std::uncaught_exceptions (up to catch
// 2.0.1; this should be fixed in the next catch release after 2.0.1).
# pragma warning(disable: 4996)
#endif
#include <catch.hpp>
#include <thread>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
namespace py = pybind11;
using namespace py::literals;
class Widget {
public:
Widget(std::string message) : message(message) { }
virtual ~Widget() = default;
std::string the_message() const { return message; }
virtual int the_answer() const = 0;
private:
std::string message;
};
class PyWidget final : public Widget {
using Widget::Widget;
int the_answer() const override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(int, Widget, the_answer); }
};
PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(widget_module, m) {
py::class_<Widget, PyWidget>(m, "Widget")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def_property_readonly("the_message", &Widget::the_message);
m.def("add", [](int i, int j) { return i + j; });
}
PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(throw_exception, ) {
throw std::runtime_error("C++ Error");
}
PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(throw_error_already_set, ) {
auto d = py::dict();
d["missing"].cast<py::object>();
}
TEST_CASE("Pass classes and data between modules defined in C++ and Python") {
auto module = py::module::import("test_interpreter");
REQUIRE(py::hasattr(module, "DerivedWidget"));
auto locals = py::dict("hello"_a="Hello, World!", "x"_a=5, **module.attr("__dict__"));
py::exec(R"(
widget = DerivedWidget("{} - {}".format(hello, x))
message = widget.the_message
)", py::globals(), locals);
REQUIRE(locals["message"].cast<std::string>() == "Hello, World! - 5");
auto py_widget = module.attr("DerivedWidget")("The question");
auto message = py_widget.attr("the_message");
REQUIRE(message.cast<std::string>() == "The question");
const auto &cpp_widget = py_widget.cast<const Widget &>();
REQUIRE(cpp_widget.the_answer() == 42);
}
TEST_CASE("Import error handling") {
REQUIRE_NOTHROW(py::module::import("widget_module"));
REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::module::import("throw_exception"),
"ImportError: C++ Error");
REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::module::import("throw_error_already_set"),
Catch::Contains("ImportError: KeyError"));
}
TEST_CASE("There can be only one interpreter") {
static_assert(std::is_move_constructible<py::scoped_interpreter>::value, "");
static_assert(!std::is_move_assignable<py::scoped_interpreter>::value, "");
static_assert(!std::is_copy_constructible<py::scoped_interpreter>::value, "");
static_assert(!std::is_copy_assignable<py::scoped_interpreter>::value, "");
REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::initialize_interpreter(), "The interpreter is already running");
REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::scoped_interpreter(), "The interpreter is already running");
py::finalize_interpreter();
REQUIRE_NOTHROW(py::scoped_interpreter());
{
auto pyi1 = py::scoped_interpreter();
auto pyi2 = std::move(pyi1);
}
py::initialize_interpreter();
}
bool has_pybind11_internals_builtin() {
auto builtins = py::handle(PyEval_GetBuiltins());
return builtins.contains(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID);
};
bool has_pybind11_internals_static() {
auto **&ipp = py::detail::get_internals_pp();
return ipp && *ipp;
}
TEST_CASE("Restart the interpreter") {
// Verify pre-restart state.
REQUIRE(py::module::import("widget_module").attr("add")(1, 2).cast<int>() == 3);
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin());
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
REQUIRE(py::module::import("external_module").attr("A")(123).attr("value").cast<int>() == 123);
// local and foreign module internals should point to the same internals:
REQUIRE(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(*py::detail::get_internals_pp()) ==
py::module::import("external_module").attr("internals_at")().cast<uintptr_t>());
// Restart the interpreter.
py::finalize_interpreter();
REQUIRE(Py_IsInitialized() == 0);
py::initialize_interpreter();
REQUIRE(Py_IsInitialized() == 1);
// Internals are deleted after a restart.
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin());
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
pybind11::detail::get_internals();
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin());
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
REQUIRE(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(*py::detail::get_internals_pp()) ==
py::module::import("external_module").attr("internals_at")().cast<uintptr_t>());
// Make sure that an interpreter with no get_internals() created until finalize still gets the
// internals destroyed
py::finalize_interpreter();
py::initialize_interpreter();
bool ran = false;
py::module::import("__main__").attr("internals_destroy_test") =
py::capsule(&ran, [](void *ran) { py::detail::get_internals(); *static_cast<bool *>(ran) = true; });
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin());
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
REQUIRE_FALSE(ran);
py::finalize_interpreter();
REQUIRE(ran);
py::initialize_interpreter();
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin());
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
// C++ modules can be reloaded.
auto cpp_module = py::module::import("widget_module");
REQUIRE(cpp_module.attr("add")(1, 2).cast<int>() == 3);
// C++ type information is reloaded and can be used in python modules.
auto py_module = py::module::import("test_interpreter");
auto py_widget = py_module.attr("DerivedWidget")("Hello after restart");
REQUIRE(py_widget.attr("the_message").cast<std::string>() == "Hello after restart");
}
TEST_CASE("Subinterpreter") {
// Add tags to the modules in the main interpreter and test the basics.
py::module::import("__main__").attr("main_tag") = "main interpreter";
{
auto m = py::module::import("widget_module");
m.attr("extension_module_tag") = "added to module in main interpreter";
REQUIRE(m.attr("add")(1, 2).cast<int>() == 3);
}
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin());
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
/// Create and switch to a subinterpreter.
auto main_tstate = PyThreadState_Get();
auto sub_tstate = Py_NewInterpreter();
// Subinterpreters get their own copy of builtins. detail::get_internals() still
// works by returning from the static variable, i.e. all interpreters share a single
// global pybind11::internals;
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin());
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
// Modules tags should be gone.
REQUIRE_FALSE(py::hasattr(py::module::import("__main__"), "tag"));
{
auto m = py::module::import("widget_module");
REQUIRE_FALSE(py::hasattr(m, "extension_module_tag"));
// Function bindings should still work.
REQUIRE(m.attr("add")(1, 2).cast<int>() == 3);
}
// Restore main interpreter.
Py_EndInterpreter(sub_tstate);
PyThreadState_Swap(main_tstate);
REQUIRE(py::hasattr(py::module::import("__main__"), "main_tag"));
REQUIRE(py::hasattr(py::module::import("widget_module"), "extension_module_tag"));
}
TEST_CASE("Execution frame") {
// When the interpreter is embedded, there is no execution frame, but `py::exec`
// should still function by using reasonable globals: `__main__.__dict__`.
py::exec("var = dict(number=42)");
REQUIRE(py::globals()["var"]["number"].cast<int>() == 42);
}
TEST_CASE("Threads") {
// Restart interpreter to ensure threads are not initialized
py::finalize_interpreter();
py::initialize_interpreter();
REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
constexpr auto num_threads = 10;
auto locals = py::dict("count"_a=0);
{
py::gil_scoped_release gil_release{};
REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static());
auto threads = std::vector<std::thread>();
for (auto i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) {
threads.emplace_back([&]() {
py::gil_scoped_acquire gil{};
locals["count"] = locals["count"].cast<int>() + 1;
});
}
for (auto &thread : threads) {
thread.join();
}
}
REQUIRE(locals["count"].cast<int>() == num_threads);
}
// Scope exit utility https://stackoverflow.com/a/36644501/7255855
struct scope_exit {
std::function<void()> f_;
explicit scope_exit(std::function<void()> f) noexcept : f_(std::move(f)) {}
~scope_exit() { if (f_) f_(); }
};
TEST_CASE("Reload module from file") {
// Disable generation of cached bytecode (.pyc files) for this test, otherwise
// Python might pick up an old version from the cache instead of the new versions
// of the .py files generated below
auto sys = py::module::import("sys");
bool dont_write_bytecode = sys.attr("dont_write_bytecode").cast<bool>();
sys.attr("dont_write_bytecode") = true;
// Reset the value at scope exit
scope_exit reset_dont_write_bytecode([&]() {
sys.attr("dont_write_bytecode") = dont_write_bytecode;
});
std::string module_name = "test_module_reload";
std::string module_file = module_name + ".py";
// Create the module .py file
std::ofstream test_module(module_file);
test_module << "def test():\n";
test_module << " return 1\n";
test_module.close();
// Delete the file at scope exit
scope_exit delete_module_file([&]() {
std::remove(module_file.c_str());
});
// Import the module from file
auto module = py::module::import(module_name.c_str());
int result = module.attr("test")().cast<int>();
REQUIRE(result == 1);
// Update the module .py file with a small change
test_module.open(module_file);
test_module << "def test():\n";
test_module << " return 2\n";
test_module.close();
// Reload the module
module.reload();
result = module.attr("test")().cast<int>();
REQUIRE(result == 2);
}

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from widget_module import Widget
class DerivedWidget(Widget):
def __init__(self, message):
super(DerivedWidget, self).__init__(message)
def the_answer(self):
return 42

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/*
tests/test_enums.cpp -- enumerations
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(enums, m) {
// test_unscoped_enum
enum UnscopedEnum {
EOne = 1,
ETwo
};
py::enum_<UnscopedEnum>(m, "UnscopedEnum", py::arithmetic(), "An unscoped enumeration")
.value("EOne", EOne, "Docstring for EOne")
.value("ETwo", ETwo, "Docstring for ETwo")
.export_values();
// test_scoped_enum
enum class ScopedEnum {
Two = 2,
Three
};
py::enum_<ScopedEnum>(m, "ScopedEnum", py::arithmetic())
.value("Two", ScopedEnum::Two)
.value("Three", ScopedEnum::Three);
m.def("test_scoped_enum", [](ScopedEnum z) {
return "ScopedEnum::" + std::string(z == ScopedEnum::Two ? "Two" : "Three");
});
// test_binary_operators
enum Flags {
Read = 4,
Write = 2,
Execute = 1
};
py::enum_<Flags>(m, "Flags", py::arithmetic())
.value("Read", Flags::Read)
.value("Write", Flags::Write)
.value("Execute", Flags::Execute)
.export_values();
// test_implicit_conversion
class ClassWithUnscopedEnum {
public:
enum EMode {
EFirstMode = 1,
ESecondMode
};
static EMode test_function(EMode mode) {
return mode;
}
};
py::class_<ClassWithUnscopedEnum> exenum_class(m, "ClassWithUnscopedEnum");
exenum_class.def_static("test_function", &ClassWithUnscopedEnum::test_function);
py::enum_<ClassWithUnscopedEnum::EMode>(exenum_class, "EMode")
.value("EFirstMode", ClassWithUnscopedEnum::EFirstMode)
.value("ESecondMode", ClassWithUnscopedEnum::ESecondMode)
.export_values();
// test_enum_to_int
m.def("test_enum_to_int", [](int) { });
m.def("test_enum_to_uint", [](uint32_t) { });
m.def("test_enum_to_long_long", [](long long) { });
// test_duplicate_enum_name
enum SimpleEnum
{
ONE, TWO, THREE
};
m.def("register_bad_enum", [m]() {
py::enum_<SimpleEnum>(m, "SimpleEnum")
.value("ONE", SimpleEnum::ONE) //NOTE: all value function calls are called with the same first parameter value
.value("ONE", SimpleEnum::TWO)
.value("ONE", SimpleEnum::THREE)
.export_values();
});
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import enums as m
def test_unscoped_enum():
assert str(m.UnscopedEnum.EOne) == "UnscopedEnum.EOne"
assert str(m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo) == "UnscopedEnum.ETwo"
assert str(m.EOne) == "UnscopedEnum.EOne"
# name property
assert m.UnscopedEnum.EOne.name == "EOne"
assert m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo.name == "ETwo"
assert m.EOne.name == "EOne"
# name readonly
with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
m.UnscopedEnum.EOne.name = ""
# name returns a copy
foo = m.UnscopedEnum.EOne.name
foo = "bar"
assert m.UnscopedEnum.EOne.name == "EOne"
# __members__ property
assert m.UnscopedEnum.__members__ == \
{"EOne": m.UnscopedEnum.EOne, "ETwo": m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo}
# __members__ readonly
with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
m.UnscopedEnum.__members__ = {}
# __members__ returns a copy
foo = m.UnscopedEnum.__members__
foo["bar"] = "baz"
assert m.UnscopedEnum.__members__ == \
{"EOne": m.UnscopedEnum.EOne, "ETwo": m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo}
assert m.UnscopedEnum.__doc__ == \
'''An unscoped enumeration
Members:
EOne : Docstring for EOne
ETwo : Docstring for ETwo''' or m.UnscopedEnum.__doc__ == \
'''An unscoped enumeration
Members:
ETwo : Docstring for ETwo
EOne : Docstring for EOne'''
# Unscoped enums will accept ==/!= int comparisons
y = m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo
assert y == 2
assert 2 == y
assert y != 3
assert 3 != y
assert int(m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo) == 2
assert str(m.UnscopedEnum(2)) == "UnscopedEnum.ETwo"
# order
assert m.UnscopedEnum.EOne < m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo
assert m.UnscopedEnum.EOne < 2
assert m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo > m.UnscopedEnum.EOne
assert m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo > 1
assert m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo <= 2
assert m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo >= 2
assert m.UnscopedEnum.EOne <= m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo
assert m.UnscopedEnum.EOne <= 2
assert m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo >= m.UnscopedEnum.EOne
assert m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo >= 1
assert not (m.UnscopedEnum.ETwo < m.UnscopedEnum.EOne)
assert not (2 < m.UnscopedEnum.EOne)
def test_scoped_enum():
assert m.test_scoped_enum(m.ScopedEnum.Three) == "ScopedEnum::Three"
z = m.ScopedEnum.Two
assert m.test_scoped_enum(z) == "ScopedEnum::Two"
# Scoped enums will *NOT* accept ==/!= int comparisons (Will always return False)
assert not z == 3
assert not 3 == z
assert z != 3
assert 3 != z
# Scoped enums will *NOT* accept >, <, >= and <= int comparisons (Will throw exceptions)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
z > 3
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
z < 3
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
z >= 3
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
z <= 3
# order
assert m.ScopedEnum.Two < m.ScopedEnum.Three
assert m.ScopedEnum.Three > m.ScopedEnum.Two
assert m.ScopedEnum.Two <= m.ScopedEnum.Three
assert m.ScopedEnum.Two <= m.ScopedEnum.Two
assert m.ScopedEnum.Two >= m.ScopedEnum.Two
assert m.ScopedEnum.Three >= m.ScopedEnum.Two
def test_implicit_conversion():
assert str(m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EMode.EFirstMode) == "EMode.EFirstMode"
assert str(m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EFirstMode) == "EMode.EFirstMode"
f = m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.test_function
first = m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EFirstMode
second = m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.ESecondMode
assert f(first) == 1
assert f(first) == f(first)
assert not f(first) != f(first)
assert f(first) != f(second)
assert not f(first) == f(second)
assert f(first) == int(f(first))
assert not f(first) != int(f(first))
assert f(first) != int(f(second))
assert not f(first) == int(f(second))
# noinspection PyDictCreation
x = {f(first): 1, f(second): 2}
x[f(first)] = 3
x[f(second)] = 4
# Hashing test
assert str(x) == "{EMode.EFirstMode: 3, EMode.ESecondMode: 4}"
def test_binary_operators():
assert int(m.Flags.Read) == 4
assert int(m.Flags.Write) == 2
assert int(m.Flags.Execute) == 1
assert int(m.Flags.Read | m.Flags.Write | m.Flags.Execute) == 7
assert int(m.Flags.Read | m.Flags.Write) == 6
assert int(m.Flags.Read | m.Flags.Execute) == 5
assert int(m.Flags.Write | m.Flags.Execute) == 3
assert int(m.Flags.Write | 1) == 3
state = m.Flags.Read | m.Flags.Write
assert (state & m.Flags.Read) != 0
assert (state & m.Flags.Write) != 0
assert (state & m.Flags.Execute) == 0
assert (state & 1) == 0
state2 = ~state
assert state2 == -7
assert int(state ^ state2) == -1
def test_enum_to_int():
m.test_enum_to_int(m.Flags.Read)
m.test_enum_to_int(m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EMode.EFirstMode)
m.test_enum_to_uint(m.Flags.Read)
m.test_enum_to_uint(m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EMode.EFirstMode)
m.test_enum_to_long_long(m.Flags.Read)
m.test_enum_to_long_long(m.ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EMode.EFirstMode)
def test_duplicate_enum_name():
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.register_bad_enum()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'SimpleEnum: element "ONE" already exists!'

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/*
tests/test_eval.cpp -- Usage of eval() and eval_file()
Copyright (c) 2016 Klemens D. Morgenstern
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include <pybind11/eval.h>
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(eval_, m) {
// test_evals
auto global = py::dict(py::module::import("__main__").attr("__dict__"));
m.def("test_eval_statements", [global]() {
auto local = py::dict();
local["call_test"] = py::cpp_function([&]() -> int {
return 42;
});
// Regular string literal
py::exec(
"message = 'Hello World!'\n"
"x = call_test()",
global, local
);
// Multi-line raw string literal
py::exec(R"(
if x == 42:
print(message)
else:
raise RuntimeError
)", global, local
);
auto x = local["x"].cast<int>();
return x == 42;
});
m.def("test_eval", [global]() {
auto local = py::dict();
local["x"] = py::int_(42);
auto x = py::eval("x", global, local);
return x.cast<int>() == 42;
});
m.def("test_eval_single_statement", []() {
auto local = py::dict();
local["call_test"] = py::cpp_function([&]() -> int {
return 42;
});
auto result = py::eval<py::eval_single_statement>("x = call_test()", py::dict(), local);
auto x = local["x"].cast<int>();
return result.is_none() && x == 42;
});
m.def("test_eval_file", [global](py::str filename) {
auto local = py::dict();
local["y"] = py::int_(43);
int val_out;
local["call_test2"] = py::cpp_function([&](int value) { val_out = value; });
auto result = py::eval_file(filename, global, local);
return val_out == 43 && result.is_none();
});
m.def("test_eval_failure", []() {
try {
py::eval("nonsense code ...");
} catch (py::error_already_set &) {
return true;
}
return false;
});
m.def("test_eval_file_failure", []() {
try {
py::eval_file("non-existing file");
} catch (std::exception &) {
return true;
}
return false;
});
}

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import os
from pybind11_tests import eval_ as m
def test_evals(capture):
with capture:
assert m.test_eval_statements()
assert capture == "Hello World!"
assert m.test_eval()
assert m.test_eval_single_statement()
filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test_eval_call.py")
assert m.test_eval_file(filename)
assert m.test_eval_failure()
assert m.test_eval_file_failure()

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# This file is called from 'test_eval.py'
if 'call_test2' in locals():
call_test2(y) # noqa: F821 undefined name

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/*
tests/test_custom-exceptions.cpp -- exception translation
Copyright (c) 2016 Pim Schellart <P.Schellart@princeton.edu>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
// A type that should be raised as an exception in Python
class MyException : public std::exception {
public:
explicit MyException(const char * m) : message{m} {}
virtual const char * what() const noexcept override {return message.c_str();}
private:
std::string message = "";
};
// A type that should be translated to a standard Python exception
class MyException2 : public std::exception {
public:
explicit MyException2(const char * m) : message{m} {}
virtual const char * what() const noexcept override {return message.c_str();}
private:
std::string message = "";
};
// A type that is not derived from std::exception (and is thus unknown)
class MyException3 {
public:
explicit MyException3(const char * m) : message{m} {}
virtual const char * what() const noexcept {return message.c_str();}
private:
std::string message = "";
};
// A type that should be translated to MyException
// and delegated to its exception translator
class MyException4 : public std::exception {
public:
explicit MyException4(const char * m) : message{m} {}
virtual const char * what() const noexcept override {return message.c_str();}
private:
std::string message = "";
};
// Like the above, but declared via the helper function
class MyException5 : public std::logic_error {
public:
explicit MyException5(const std::string &what) : std::logic_error(what) {}
};
// Inherits from MyException5
class MyException5_1 : public MyException5 {
using MyException5::MyException5;
};
struct PythonCallInDestructor {
PythonCallInDestructor(const py::dict &d) : d(d) {}
~PythonCallInDestructor() { d["good"] = true; }
py::dict d;
};
TEST_SUBMODULE(exceptions, m) {
m.def("throw_std_exception", []() {
throw std::runtime_error("This exception was intentionally thrown.");
});
// make a new custom exception and use it as a translation target
static py::exception<MyException> ex(m, "MyException");
py::register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
try {
if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p);
} catch (const MyException &e) {
// Set MyException as the active python error
ex(e.what());
}
});
// register new translator for MyException2
// no need to store anything here because this type will
// never by visible from Python
py::register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
try {
if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p);
} catch (const MyException2 &e) {
// Translate this exception to a standard RuntimeError
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, e.what());
}
});
// register new translator for MyException4
// which will catch it and delegate to the previously registered
// translator for MyException by throwing a new exception
py::register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
try {
if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p);
} catch (const MyException4 &e) {
throw MyException(e.what());
}
});
// A simple exception translation:
auto ex5 = py::register_exception<MyException5>(m, "MyException5");
// A slightly more complicated one that declares MyException5_1 as a subclass of MyException5
py::register_exception<MyException5_1>(m, "MyException5_1", ex5.ptr());
m.def("throws1", []() { throw MyException("this error should go to a custom type"); });
m.def("throws2", []() { throw MyException2("this error should go to a standard Python exception"); });
m.def("throws3", []() { throw MyException3("this error cannot be translated"); });
m.def("throws4", []() { throw MyException4("this error is rethrown"); });
m.def("throws5", []() { throw MyException5("this is a helper-defined translated exception"); });
m.def("throws5_1", []() { throw MyException5_1("MyException5 subclass"); });
m.def("throws_logic_error", []() { throw std::logic_error("this error should fall through to the standard handler"); });
m.def("exception_matches", []() {
py::dict foo;
try {
// Assign to a py::object to force read access of nonexistent dict entry
py::object o = foo["bar"];
}
catch (py::error_already_set& ex) {
if (!ex.matches(PyExc_KeyError)) throw;
return true;
}
return false;
});
m.def("exception_matches_base", []() {
py::dict foo;
try {
// Assign to a py::object to force read access of nonexistent dict entry
py::object o = foo["bar"];
}
catch (py::error_already_set &ex) {
if (!ex.matches(PyExc_Exception)) throw;
return true;
}
return false;
});
m.def("modulenotfound_exception_matches_base", []() {
try {
// On Python >= 3.6, this raises a ModuleNotFoundError, a subclass of ImportError
py::module::import("nonexistent");
}
catch (py::error_already_set &ex) {
if (!ex.matches(PyExc_ImportError)) throw;
return true;
}
return false;
});
m.def("throw_already_set", [](bool err) {
if (err)
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "foo");
try {
throw py::error_already_set();
} catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
if ((err && e.what() != std::string("ValueError: foo")) ||
(!err && e.what() != std::string("Unknown internal error occurred")))
{
PyErr_Clear();
throw std::runtime_error("error message mismatch");
}
}
PyErr_Clear();
if (err)
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "foo");
throw py::error_already_set();
});
m.def("python_call_in_destructor", [](py::dict d) {
try {
PythonCallInDestructor set_dict_in_destructor(d);
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "foo");
throw py::error_already_set();
} catch (const py::error_already_set&) {
return true;
}
return false;
});
// test_nested_throws
m.def("try_catch", [m](py::object exc_type, py::function f, py::args args) {
try { f(*args); }
catch (py::error_already_set &ex) {
if (ex.matches(exc_type))
py::print(ex.what());
else
throw;
}
});
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import exceptions as m
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
def test_std_exception(msg):
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.throw_std_exception()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "This exception was intentionally thrown."
def test_error_already_set(msg):
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.throw_already_set(False)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "Unknown internal error occurred"
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.throw_already_set(True)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "foo"
def test_cross_module_exceptions():
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
cm.raise_runtime_error()
assert str(excinfo.value) == "My runtime error"
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
cm.raise_value_error()
assert str(excinfo.value) == "My value error"
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
cm.throw_pybind_value_error()
assert str(excinfo.value) == "pybind11 value error"
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
cm.throw_pybind_type_error()
assert str(excinfo.value) == "pybind11 type error"
with pytest.raises(StopIteration) as excinfo:
cm.throw_stop_iteration()
def test_python_call_in_catch():
d = {}
assert m.python_call_in_destructor(d) is True
assert d["good"] is True
def test_exception_matches():
assert m.exception_matches()
assert m.exception_matches_base()
assert m.modulenotfound_exception_matches_base()
def test_custom(msg):
# Can we catch a MyException?
with pytest.raises(m.MyException) as excinfo:
m.throws1()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should go to a custom type"
# Can we translate to standard Python exceptions?
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.throws2()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should go to a standard Python exception"
# Can we handle unknown exceptions?
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.throws3()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "Caught an unknown exception!"
# Can we delegate to another handler by rethrowing?
with pytest.raises(m.MyException) as excinfo:
m.throws4()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error is rethrown"
# Can we fall-through to the default handler?
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.throws_logic_error()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should fall through to the standard handler"
# Can we handle a helper-declared exception?
with pytest.raises(m.MyException5) as excinfo:
m.throws5()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"
# Exception subclassing:
with pytest.raises(m.MyException5) as excinfo:
m.throws5_1()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "MyException5 subclass"
assert isinstance(excinfo.value, m.MyException5_1)
with pytest.raises(m.MyException5_1) as excinfo:
m.throws5_1()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "MyException5 subclass"
with pytest.raises(m.MyException5) as excinfo:
try:
m.throws5()
except m.MyException5_1:
raise RuntimeError("Exception error: caught child from parent")
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"
def test_nested_throws(capture):
"""Tests nested (e.g. C++ -> Python -> C++) exception handling"""
def throw_myex():
raise m.MyException("nested error")
def throw_myex5():
raise m.MyException5("nested error 5")
# In the comments below, the exception is caught in the first step, thrown in the last step
# C++ -> Python
with capture:
m.try_catch(m.MyException5, throw_myex5)
assert str(capture).startswith("MyException5: nested error 5")
# Python -> C++ -> Python
with pytest.raises(m.MyException) as excinfo:
m.try_catch(m.MyException5, throw_myex)
assert str(excinfo.value) == "nested error"
def pycatch(exctype, f, *args):
try:
f(*args)
except m.MyException as e:
print(e)
# C++ -> Python -> C++ -> Python
with capture:
m.try_catch(
m.MyException5, pycatch, m.MyException, m.try_catch, m.MyException, throw_myex5)
assert str(capture).startswith("MyException5: nested error 5")
# C++ -> Python -> C++
with capture:
m.try_catch(m.MyException, pycatch, m.MyException5, m.throws4)
assert capture == "this error is rethrown"
# Python -> C++ -> Python -> C++
with pytest.raises(m.MyException5) as excinfo:
m.try_catch(m.MyException, pycatch, m.MyException, m.throws5)
assert str(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"

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/*
tests/test_factory_constructors.cpp -- tests construction from a factory function
via py::init_factory()
Copyright (c) 2017 Jason Rhinelander <jason@imaginary.ca>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <cmath>
// Classes for testing python construction via C++ factory function:
// Not publicly constructible, copyable, or movable:
class TestFactory1 {
friend class TestFactoryHelper;
TestFactory1() : value("(empty)") { print_default_created(this); }
TestFactory1(int v) : value(std::to_string(v)) { print_created(this, value); }
TestFactory1(std::string v) : value(std::move(v)) { print_created(this, value); }
TestFactory1(TestFactory1 &&) = delete;
TestFactory1(const TestFactory1 &) = delete;
TestFactory1 &operator=(TestFactory1 &&) = delete;
TestFactory1 &operator=(const TestFactory1 &) = delete;
public:
std::string value;
~TestFactory1() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
// Non-public construction, but moveable:
class TestFactory2 {
friend class TestFactoryHelper;
TestFactory2() : value("(empty2)") { print_default_created(this); }
TestFactory2(int v) : value(std::to_string(v)) { print_created(this, value); }
TestFactory2(std::string v) : value(std::move(v)) { print_created(this, value); }
public:
TestFactory2(TestFactory2 &&m) { value = std::move(m.value); print_move_created(this); }
TestFactory2 &operator=(TestFactory2 &&m) { value = std::move(m.value); print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }
std::string value;
~TestFactory2() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
// Mixed direct/factory construction:
class TestFactory3 {
protected:
friend class TestFactoryHelper;
TestFactory3() : value("(empty3)") { print_default_created(this); }
TestFactory3(int v) : value(std::to_string(v)) { print_created(this, value); }
public:
TestFactory3(std::string v) : value(std::move(v)) { print_created(this, value); }
TestFactory3(TestFactory3 &&m) { value = std::move(m.value); print_move_created(this); }
TestFactory3 &operator=(TestFactory3 &&m) { value = std::move(m.value); print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }
std::string value;
virtual ~TestFactory3() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
// Inheritance test
class TestFactory4 : public TestFactory3 {
public:
TestFactory4() : TestFactory3() { print_default_created(this); }
TestFactory4(int v) : TestFactory3(v) { print_created(this, v); }
virtual ~TestFactory4() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
// Another class for an invalid downcast test
class TestFactory5 : public TestFactory3 {
public:
TestFactory5(int i) : TestFactory3(i) { print_created(this, i); }
virtual ~TestFactory5() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
class TestFactory6 {
protected:
int value;
bool alias = false;
public:
TestFactory6(int i) : value{i} { print_created(this, i); }
TestFactory6(TestFactory6 &&f) { print_move_created(this); value = f.value; alias = f.alias; }
TestFactory6(const TestFactory6 &f) { print_copy_created(this); value = f.value; alias = f.alias; }
virtual ~TestFactory6() { print_destroyed(this); }
virtual int get() { return value; }
bool has_alias() { return alias; }
};
class PyTF6 : public TestFactory6 {
public:
// Special constructor that allows the factory to construct a PyTF6 from a TestFactory6 only
// when an alias is needed:
PyTF6(TestFactory6 &&base) : TestFactory6(std::move(base)) { alias = true; print_created(this, "move", value); }
PyTF6(int i) : TestFactory6(i) { alias = true; print_created(this, i); }
PyTF6(PyTF6 &&f) : TestFactory6(std::move(f)) { print_move_created(this); }
PyTF6(const PyTF6 &f) : TestFactory6(f) { print_copy_created(this); }
PyTF6(std::string s) : TestFactory6((int) s.size()) { alias = true; print_created(this, s); }
virtual ~PyTF6() { print_destroyed(this); }
int get() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, TestFactory6, get, /*no args*/); }
};
class TestFactory7 {
protected:
int value;
bool alias = false;
public:
TestFactory7(int i) : value{i} { print_created(this, i); }
TestFactory7(TestFactory7 &&f) { print_move_created(this); value = f.value; alias = f.alias; }
TestFactory7(const TestFactory7 &f) { print_copy_created(this); value = f.value; alias = f.alias; }
virtual ~TestFactory7() { print_destroyed(this); }
virtual int get() { return value; }
bool has_alias() { return alias; }
};
class PyTF7 : public TestFactory7 {
public:
PyTF7(int i) : TestFactory7(i) { alias = true; print_created(this, i); }
PyTF7(PyTF7 &&f) : TestFactory7(std::move(f)) { print_move_created(this); }
PyTF7(const PyTF7 &f) : TestFactory7(f) { print_copy_created(this); }
virtual ~PyTF7() { print_destroyed(this); }
int get() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, TestFactory7, get, /*no args*/); }
};
class TestFactoryHelper {
public:
// Non-movable, non-copyable type:
// Return via pointer:
static TestFactory1 *construct1() { return new TestFactory1(); }
// Holder:
static std::unique_ptr<TestFactory1> construct1(int a) { return std::unique_ptr<TestFactory1>(new TestFactory1(a)); }
// pointer again
static TestFactory1 *construct1_string(std::string a) { return new TestFactory1(a); }
// Moveable type:
// pointer:
static TestFactory2 *construct2() { return new TestFactory2(); }
// holder:
static std::unique_ptr<TestFactory2> construct2(int a) { return std::unique_ptr<TestFactory2>(new TestFactory2(a)); }
// by value moving:
static TestFactory2 construct2(std::string a) { return TestFactory2(a); }
// shared_ptr holder type:
// pointer:
static TestFactory3 *construct3() { return new TestFactory3(); }
// holder:
static std::shared_ptr<TestFactory3> construct3(int a) { return std::shared_ptr<TestFactory3>(new TestFactory3(a)); }
};
TEST_SUBMODULE(factory_constructors, m) {
// Define various trivial types to allow simpler overload resolution:
py::module m_tag = m.def_submodule("tag");
#define MAKE_TAG_TYPE(Name) \
struct Name##_tag {}; \
py::class_<Name##_tag>(m_tag, #Name "_tag").def(py::init<>()); \
m_tag.attr(#Name) = py::cast(Name##_tag{})
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(pointer);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(unique_ptr);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(move);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(shared_ptr);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(derived);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(TF4);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(TF5);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(null_ptr);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(base);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(invalid_base);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(alias);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(unaliasable);
MAKE_TAG_TYPE(mixed);
// test_init_factory_basic, test_bad_type
py::class_<TestFactory1>(m, "TestFactory1")
.def(py::init([](unique_ptr_tag, int v) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct1(v); }))
.def(py::init(&TestFactoryHelper::construct1_string)) // raw function pointer
.def(py::init([](pointer_tag) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct1(); }))
.def(py::init([](py::handle, int v, py::handle) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct1(v); }))
.def_readwrite("value", &TestFactory1::value)
;
py::class_<TestFactory2>(m, "TestFactory2")
.def(py::init([](pointer_tag, int v) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct2(v); }))
.def(py::init([](unique_ptr_tag, std::string v) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct2(v); }))
.def(py::init([](move_tag) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct2(); }))
.def_readwrite("value", &TestFactory2::value)
;
// Stateful & reused:
int c = 1;
auto c4a = [c](pointer_tag, TF4_tag, int a) { (void) c; return new TestFactory4(a);};
// test_init_factory_basic, test_init_factory_casting
py::class_<TestFactory3, std::shared_ptr<TestFactory3>>(m, "TestFactory3")
.def(py::init([](pointer_tag, int v) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct3(v); }))
.def(py::init([](shared_ptr_tag) { return TestFactoryHelper::construct3(); }))
.def("__init__", [](TestFactory3 &self, std::string v) { new (&self) TestFactory3(v); }) // placement-new ctor
// factories returning a derived type:
.def(py::init(c4a)) // derived ptr
.def(py::init([](pointer_tag, TF5_tag, int a) { return new TestFactory5(a); }))
// derived shared ptr:
.def(py::init([](shared_ptr_tag, TF4_tag, int a) { return std::make_shared<TestFactory4>(a); }))
.def(py::init([](shared_ptr_tag, TF5_tag, int a) { return std::make_shared<TestFactory5>(a); }))
// Returns nullptr:
.def(py::init([](null_ptr_tag) { return (TestFactory3 *) nullptr; }))
.def_readwrite("value", &TestFactory3::value)
;
// test_init_factory_casting
py::class_<TestFactory4, TestFactory3, std::shared_ptr<TestFactory4>>(m, "TestFactory4")
.def(py::init(c4a)) // pointer
;
// Doesn't need to be registered, but registering makes getting ConstructorStats easier:
py::class_<TestFactory5, TestFactory3, std::shared_ptr<TestFactory5>>(m, "TestFactory5");
// test_init_factory_alias
// Alias testing
py::class_<TestFactory6, PyTF6>(m, "TestFactory6")
.def(py::init([](base_tag, int i) { return TestFactory6(i); }))
.def(py::init([](alias_tag, int i) { return PyTF6(i); }))
.def(py::init([](alias_tag, std::string s) { return PyTF6(s); }))
.def(py::init([](alias_tag, pointer_tag, int i) { return new PyTF6(i); }))
.def(py::init([](base_tag, pointer_tag, int i) { return new TestFactory6(i); }))
.def(py::init([](base_tag, alias_tag, pointer_tag, int i) { return (TestFactory6 *) new PyTF6(i); }))
.def("get", &TestFactory6::get)
.def("has_alias", &TestFactory6::has_alias)
.def_static("get_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<TestFactory6>, py::return_value_policy::reference)
.def_static("get_alias_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<PyTF6>, py::return_value_policy::reference)
;
// test_init_factory_dual
// Separate alias constructor testing
py::class_<TestFactory7, PyTF7, std::shared_ptr<TestFactory7>>(m, "TestFactory7")
.def(py::init(
[](int i) { return TestFactory7(i); },
[](int i) { return PyTF7(i); }))
.def(py::init(
[](pointer_tag, int i) { return new TestFactory7(i); },
[](pointer_tag, int i) { return new PyTF7(i); }))
.def(py::init(
[](mixed_tag, int i) { return new TestFactory7(i); },
[](mixed_tag, int i) { return PyTF7(i); }))
.def(py::init(
[](mixed_tag, std::string s) { return TestFactory7((int) s.size()); },
[](mixed_tag, std::string s) { return new PyTF7((int) s.size()); }))
.def(py::init(
[](base_tag, pointer_tag, int i) { return new TestFactory7(i); },
[](base_tag, pointer_tag, int i) { return (TestFactory7 *) new PyTF7(i); }))
.def(py::init(
[](alias_tag, pointer_tag, int i) { return new PyTF7(i); },
[](alias_tag, pointer_tag, int i) { return new PyTF7(10*i); }))
.def(py::init(
[](shared_ptr_tag, base_tag, int i) { return std::make_shared<TestFactory7>(i); },
[](shared_ptr_tag, base_tag, int i) { auto *p = new PyTF7(i); return std::shared_ptr<TestFactory7>(p); }))
.def(py::init(
[](shared_ptr_tag, invalid_base_tag, int i) { return std::make_shared<TestFactory7>(i); },
[](shared_ptr_tag, invalid_base_tag, int i) { return std::make_shared<TestFactory7>(i); })) // <-- invalid alias factory
.def("get", &TestFactory7::get)
.def("has_alias", &TestFactory7::has_alias)
.def_static("get_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<TestFactory7>, py::return_value_policy::reference)
.def_static("get_alias_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<PyTF7>, py::return_value_policy::reference)
;
// test_placement_new_alternative
// Class with a custom new operator but *without* a placement new operator (issue #948)
class NoPlacementNew {
public:
NoPlacementNew(int i) : i(i) { }
static void *operator new(std::size_t s) {
auto *p = ::operator new(s);
py::print("operator new called, returning", reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p));
return p;
}
static void operator delete(void *p) {
py::print("operator delete called on", reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p));
::operator delete(p);
}
int i;
};
// As of 2.2, `py::init<args>` no longer requires placement new
py::class_<NoPlacementNew>(m, "NoPlacementNew")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def(py::init([]() { return new NoPlacementNew(100); }))
.def_readwrite("i", &NoPlacementNew::i)
;
// test_reallocations
// Class that has verbose operator_new/operator_delete calls
struct NoisyAlloc {
NoisyAlloc(const NoisyAlloc &) = default;
NoisyAlloc(int i) { py::print(py::str("NoisyAlloc(int {})").format(i)); }
NoisyAlloc(double d) { py::print(py::str("NoisyAlloc(double {})").format(d)); }
~NoisyAlloc() { py::print("~NoisyAlloc()"); }
static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("noisy new"); return ::operator new(s); }
static void *operator new(size_t, void *p) { py::print("noisy placement new"); return p; }
static void operator delete(void *p, size_t) { py::print("noisy delete"); ::operator delete(p); }
static void operator delete(void *, void *) { py::print("noisy placement delete"); }
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1910
// MSVC 2015 bug: the above "noisy delete" isn't invoked (fixed in MSVC 2017)
static void operator delete(void *p) { py::print("noisy delete"); ::operator delete(p); }
#endif
};
py::class_<NoisyAlloc>(m, "NoisyAlloc")
// Since these overloads have the same number of arguments, the dispatcher will try each of
// them until the arguments convert. Thus we can get a pre-allocation here when passing a
// single non-integer:
.def("__init__", [](NoisyAlloc *a, int i) { new (a) NoisyAlloc(i); }) // Regular constructor, runs first, requires preallocation
.def(py::init([](double d) { return new NoisyAlloc(d); }))
// The two-argument version: first the factory pointer overload.
.def(py::init([](int i, int) { return new NoisyAlloc(i); }))
// Return-by-value:
.def(py::init([](double d, int) { return NoisyAlloc(d); }))
// Old-style placement new init; requires preallocation
.def("__init__", [](NoisyAlloc &a, double d, double) { new (&a) NoisyAlloc(d); })
// Requires deallocation of previous overload preallocated value:
.def(py::init([](int i, double) { return new NoisyAlloc(i); }))
// Regular again: requires yet another preallocation
.def("__init__", [](NoisyAlloc &a, int i, std::string) { new (&a) NoisyAlloc(i); })
;
// static_assert testing (the following def's should all fail with appropriate compilation errors):
#if 0
struct BadF1Base {};
struct BadF1 : BadF1Base {};
struct PyBadF1 : BadF1 {};
py::class_<BadF1, PyBadF1, std::shared_ptr<BadF1>> bf1(m, "BadF1");
// wrapped factory function must return a compatible pointer, holder, or value
bf1.def(py::init([]() { return 3; }));
// incompatible factory function pointer return type
bf1.def(py::init([]() { static int three = 3; return &three; }));
// incompatible factory function std::shared_ptr<T> return type: cannot convert shared_ptr<T> to holder
// (non-polymorphic base)
bf1.def(py::init([]() { return std::shared_ptr<BadF1Base>(new BadF1()); }));
#endif
}

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import pytest
import re
from pybind11_tests import factory_constructors as m
from pybind11_tests.factory_constructors import tag
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_init_factory_basic():
"""Tests py::init_factory() wrapper around various ways of returning the object"""
cstats = [ConstructorStats.get(c) for c in [m.TestFactory1, m.TestFactory2, m.TestFactory3]]
cstats[0].alive() # force gc
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
x1 = m.TestFactory1(tag.unique_ptr, 3)
assert x1.value == "3"
y1 = m.TestFactory1(tag.pointer)
assert y1.value == "(empty)"
z1 = m.TestFactory1("hi!")
assert z1.value == "hi!"
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 3
x2 = m.TestFactory2(tag.move)
assert x2.value == "(empty2)"
y2 = m.TestFactory2(tag.pointer, 7)
assert y2.value == "7"
z2 = m.TestFactory2(tag.unique_ptr, "hi again")
assert z2.value == "hi again"
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 6
x3 = m.TestFactory3(tag.shared_ptr)
assert x3.value == "(empty3)"
y3 = m.TestFactory3(tag.pointer, 42)
assert y3.value == "42"
z3 = m.TestFactory3("bye")
assert z3.value == "bye"
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.TestFactory3(tag.null_ptr)
assert str(excinfo.value) == "pybind11::init(): factory function returned nullptr"
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [3, 3, 3]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 9
del x1, y2, y3, z3
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [2, 2, 1]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 5
del x2, x3, y1, z1, z2
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [0, 0, 0]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert [i.values() for i in cstats] == [
["3", "hi!"],
["7", "hi again"],
["42", "bye"]
]
assert [i.default_constructions for i in cstats] == [1, 1, 1]
def test_init_factory_signature(msg):
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.TestFactory1("invalid", "constructor", "arguments")
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
__init__(): incompatible constructor arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1(arg0: m.factory_constructors.tag.unique_ptr_tag, arg1: int)
2. m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1(arg0: str)
3. m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1(arg0: m.factory_constructors.tag.pointer_tag)
4. m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1(arg0: handle, arg1: int, arg2: handle)
Invoked with: 'invalid', 'constructor', 'arguments'
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert msg(m.TestFactory1.__init__.__doc__) == """
__init__(*args, **kwargs)
Overloaded function.
1. __init__(self: m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1, arg0: m.factory_constructors.tag.unique_ptr_tag, arg1: int) -> None
2. __init__(self: m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1, arg0: str) -> None
3. __init__(self: m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1, arg0: m.factory_constructors.tag.pointer_tag) -> None
4. __init__(self: m.factory_constructors.TestFactory1, arg0: handle, arg1: int, arg2: handle) -> None
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
def test_init_factory_casting():
"""Tests py::init_factory() wrapper with various upcasting and downcasting returns"""
cstats = [ConstructorStats.get(c) for c in [m.TestFactory3, m.TestFactory4, m.TestFactory5]]
cstats[0].alive() # force gc
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
# Construction from derived references:
a = m.TestFactory3(tag.pointer, tag.TF4, 4)
assert a.value == "4"
b = m.TestFactory3(tag.shared_ptr, tag.TF4, 5)
assert b.value == "5"
c = m.TestFactory3(tag.pointer, tag.TF5, 6)
assert c.value == "6"
d = m.TestFactory3(tag.shared_ptr, tag.TF5, 7)
assert d.value == "7"
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 4
# Shared a lambda with TF3:
e = m.TestFactory4(tag.pointer, tag.TF4, 8)
assert e.value == "8"
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 5
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [5, 3, 2]
del a
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [4, 2, 2]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 4
del b, c, e
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [1, 0, 1]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 1
del d
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [0, 0, 0]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert [i.values() for i in cstats] == [
["4", "5", "6", "7", "8"],
["4", "5", "8"],
["6", "7"]
]
def test_init_factory_alias():
"""Tests py::init_factory() wrapper with value conversions and alias types"""
cstats = [m.TestFactory6.get_cstats(), m.TestFactory6.get_alias_cstats()]
cstats[0].alive() # force gc
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
a = m.TestFactory6(tag.base, 1)
assert a.get() == 1
assert not a.has_alias()
b = m.TestFactory6(tag.alias, "hi there")
assert b.get() == 8
assert b.has_alias()
c = m.TestFactory6(tag.alias, 3)
assert c.get() == 3
assert c.has_alias()
d = m.TestFactory6(tag.alias, tag.pointer, 4)
assert d.get() == 4
assert d.has_alias()
e = m.TestFactory6(tag.base, tag.pointer, 5)
assert e.get() == 5
assert not e.has_alias()
f = m.TestFactory6(tag.base, tag.alias, tag.pointer, 6)
assert f.get() == 6
assert f.has_alias()
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 6
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [6, 4]
del a, b, e
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [3, 3]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 3
del f, c, d
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [0, 0]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
class MyTest(m.TestFactory6):
def __init__(self, *args):
m.TestFactory6.__init__(self, *args)
def get(self):
return -5 + m.TestFactory6.get(self)
# Return Class by value, moved into new alias:
z = MyTest(tag.base, 123)
assert z.get() == 118
assert z.has_alias()
# Return alias by value, moved into new alias:
y = MyTest(tag.alias, "why hello!")
assert y.get() == 5
assert y.has_alias()
# Return Class by pointer, moved into new alias then original destroyed:
x = MyTest(tag.base, tag.pointer, 47)
assert x.get() == 42
assert x.has_alias()
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 3
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [3, 3]
del x, y, z
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [0, 0]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert [i.values() for i in cstats] == [
["1", "8", "3", "4", "5", "6", "123", "10", "47"],
["hi there", "3", "4", "6", "move", "123", "why hello!", "move", "47"]
]
def test_init_factory_dual():
"""Tests init factory functions with dual main/alias factory functions"""
from pybind11_tests.factory_constructors import TestFactory7
cstats = [TestFactory7.get_cstats(), TestFactory7.get_alias_cstats()]
cstats[0].alive() # force gc
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
class PythFactory7(TestFactory7):
def get(self):
return 100 + TestFactory7.get(self)
a1 = TestFactory7(1)
a2 = PythFactory7(2)
assert a1.get() == 1
assert a2.get() == 102
assert not a1.has_alias()
assert a2.has_alias()
b1 = TestFactory7(tag.pointer, 3)
b2 = PythFactory7(tag.pointer, 4)
assert b1.get() == 3
assert b2.get() == 104
assert not b1.has_alias()
assert b2.has_alias()
c1 = TestFactory7(tag.mixed, 5)
c2 = PythFactory7(tag.mixed, 6)
assert c1.get() == 5
assert c2.get() == 106
assert not c1.has_alias()
assert c2.has_alias()
d1 = TestFactory7(tag.base, tag.pointer, 7)
d2 = PythFactory7(tag.base, tag.pointer, 8)
assert d1.get() == 7
assert d2.get() == 108
assert not d1.has_alias()
assert d2.has_alias()
# Both return an alias; the second multiplies the value by 10:
e1 = TestFactory7(tag.alias, tag.pointer, 9)
e2 = PythFactory7(tag.alias, tag.pointer, 10)
assert e1.get() == 9
assert e2.get() == 200
assert e1.has_alias()
assert e2.has_alias()
f1 = TestFactory7(tag.shared_ptr, tag.base, 11)
f2 = PythFactory7(tag.shared_ptr, tag.base, 12)
assert f1.get() == 11
assert f2.get() == 112
assert not f1.has_alias()
assert f2.has_alias()
g1 = TestFactory7(tag.shared_ptr, tag.invalid_base, 13)
assert g1.get() == 13
assert not g1.has_alias()
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
PythFactory7(tag.shared_ptr, tag.invalid_base, 14)
assert (str(excinfo.value) ==
"pybind11::init(): construction failed: returned holder-wrapped instance is not an "
"alias instance")
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [13, 7]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 13
del a1, a2, b1, d1, e1, e2
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [7, 4]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 7
del b2, c1, c2, d2, f1, f2, g1
assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [0, 0]
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
assert [i.values() for i in cstats] == [
["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "100", "11", "12", "13", "14"],
["2", "4", "6", "8", "9", "100", "12"]
]
def test_no_placement_new(capture):
"""Prior to 2.2, `py::init<...>` relied on the type supporting placement
new; this tests a class without placement new support."""
with capture:
a = m.NoPlacementNew(123)
found = re.search(r'^operator new called, returning (\d+)\n$', str(capture))
assert found
assert a.i == 123
with capture:
del a
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == "operator delete called on " + found.group(1)
with capture:
b = m.NoPlacementNew()
found = re.search(r'^operator new called, returning (\d+)\n$', str(capture))
assert found
assert b.i == 100
with capture:
del b
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == "operator delete called on " + found.group(1)
def test_multiple_inheritance():
class MITest(m.TestFactory1, m.TestFactory2):
def __init__(self):
m.TestFactory1.__init__(self, tag.unique_ptr, 33)
m.TestFactory2.__init__(self, tag.move)
a = MITest()
assert m.TestFactory1.value.fget(a) == "33"
assert m.TestFactory2.value.fget(a) == "(empty2)"
def create_and_destroy(*args):
a = m.NoisyAlloc(*args)
print("---")
del a
pytest.gc_collect()
def strip_comments(s):
return re.sub(r'\s+#.*', '', s)
def test_reallocations(capture, msg):
"""When the constructor is overloaded, previous overloads can require a preallocated value.
This test makes sure that such preallocated values only happen when they might be necessary,
and that they are deallocated properly"""
pytest.gc_collect()
with capture:
create_and_destroy(1)
assert msg(capture) == """
noisy new
noisy placement new
NoisyAlloc(int 1)
---
~NoisyAlloc()
noisy delete
"""
with capture:
create_and_destroy(1.5)
assert msg(capture) == strip_comments("""
noisy new # allocation required to attempt first overload
noisy delete # have to dealloc before considering factory init overload
noisy new # pointer factory calling "new", part 1: allocation
NoisyAlloc(double 1.5) # ... part two, invoking constructor
---
~NoisyAlloc() # Destructor
noisy delete # operator delete
""")
with capture:
create_and_destroy(2, 3)
assert msg(capture) == strip_comments("""
noisy new # pointer factory calling "new", allocation
NoisyAlloc(int 2) # constructor
---
~NoisyAlloc() # Destructor
noisy delete # operator delete
""")
with capture:
create_and_destroy(2.5, 3)
assert msg(capture) == strip_comments("""
NoisyAlloc(double 2.5) # construction (local func variable: operator_new not called)
noisy new # return-by-value "new" part 1: allocation
~NoisyAlloc() # moved-away local func variable destruction
---
~NoisyAlloc() # Destructor
noisy delete # operator delete
""")
with capture:
create_and_destroy(3.5, 4.5)
assert msg(capture) == strip_comments("""
noisy new # preallocation needed before invoking placement-new overload
noisy placement new # Placement new
NoisyAlloc(double 3.5) # construction
---
~NoisyAlloc() # Destructor
noisy delete # operator delete
""")
with capture:
create_and_destroy(4, 0.5)
assert msg(capture) == strip_comments("""
noisy new # preallocation needed before invoking placement-new overload
noisy delete # deallocation of preallocated storage
noisy new # Factory pointer allocation
NoisyAlloc(int 4) # factory pointer construction
---
~NoisyAlloc() # Destructor
noisy delete # operator delete
""")
with capture:
create_and_destroy(5, "hi")
assert msg(capture) == strip_comments("""
noisy new # preallocation needed before invoking first placement new
noisy delete # delete before considering new-style constructor
noisy new # preallocation for second placement new
noisy placement new # Placement new in the second placement new overload
NoisyAlloc(int 5) # construction
---
~NoisyAlloc() # Destructor
noisy delete # operator delete
""")
@pytest.unsupported_on_py2
def test_invalid_self():
"""Tests invocation of the pybind-registered base class with an invalid `self` argument. You
can only actually do this on Python 3: Python 2 raises an exception itself if you try."""
class NotPybindDerived(object):
pass
# Attempts to initialize with an invalid type passed as `self`:
class BrokenTF1(m.TestFactory1):
def __init__(self, bad):
if bad == 1:
a = m.TestFactory2(tag.pointer, 1)
m.TestFactory1.__init__(a, tag.pointer)
elif bad == 2:
a = NotPybindDerived()
m.TestFactory1.__init__(a, tag.pointer)
# Same as above, but for a class with an alias:
class BrokenTF6(m.TestFactory6):
def __init__(self, bad):
if bad == 1:
a = m.TestFactory2(tag.pointer, 1)
m.TestFactory6.__init__(a, tag.base, 1)
elif bad == 2:
a = m.TestFactory2(tag.pointer, 1)
m.TestFactory6.__init__(a, tag.alias, 1)
elif bad == 3:
m.TestFactory6.__init__(NotPybindDerived.__new__(NotPybindDerived), tag.base, 1)
elif bad == 4:
m.TestFactory6.__init__(NotPybindDerived.__new__(NotPybindDerived), tag.alias, 1)
for arg in (1, 2):
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
BrokenTF1(arg)
assert str(excinfo.value) == "__init__(self, ...) called with invalid `self` argument"
for arg in (1, 2, 3, 4):
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
BrokenTF6(arg)
assert str(excinfo.value) == "__init__(self, ...) called with invalid `self` argument"

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/*
tests/test_gil_scoped.cpp -- acquire and release gil
Copyright (c) 2017 Borja Zarco (Google LLC) <bzarco@google.com>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/functional.h>
class VirtClass {
public:
virtual ~VirtClass() {}
virtual void virtual_func() {}
virtual void pure_virtual_func() = 0;
};
class PyVirtClass : public VirtClass {
void virtual_func() override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(void, VirtClass, virtual_func,);
}
void pure_virtual_func() override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(void, VirtClass, pure_virtual_func,);
}
};
TEST_SUBMODULE(gil_scoped, m) {
py::class_<VirtClass, PyVirtClass>(m, "VirtClass")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("virtual_func", &VirtClass::virtual_func)
.def("pure_virtual_func", &VirtClass::pure_virtual_func);
m.def("test_callback_py_obj",
[](py::object func) { func(); });
m.def("test_callback_std_func",
[](const std::function<void()> &func) { func(); });
m.def("test_callback_virtual_func",
[](VirtClass &virt) { virt.virtual_func(); });
m.def("test_callback_pure_virtual_func",
[](VirtClass &virt) { virt.pure_virtual_func(); });
}

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import multiprocessing
import threading
from pybind11_tests import gil_scoped as m
def _run_in_process(target, *args, **kwargs):
"""Runs target in process and returns its exitcode after 10s (None if still alive)."""
process = multiprocessing.Process(target=target, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
process.daemon = True
try:
process.start()
# Do not need to wait much, 10s should be more than enough.
process.join(timeout=10)
return process.exitcode
finally:
if process.is_alive():
process.terminate()
def _python_to_cpp_to_python():
"""Calls different C++ functions that come back to Python."""
class ExtendedVirtClass(m.VirtClass):
def virtual_func(self):
pass
def pure_virtual_func(self):
pass
extended = ExtendedVirtClass()
m.test_callback_py_obj(lambda: None)
m.test_callback_std_func(lambda: None)
m.test_callback_virtual_func(extended)
m.test_callback_pure_virtual_func(extended)
def _python_to_cpp_to_python_from_threads(num_threads, parallel=False):
"""Calls different C++ functions that come back to Python, from Python threads."""
threads = []
for _ in range(num_threads):
thread = threading.Thread(target=_python_to_cpp_to_python)
thread.daemon = True
thread.start()
if parallel:
threads.append(thread)
else:
thread.join()
for thread in threads:
thread.join()
def test_python_to_cpp_to_python_from_thread():
"""Makes sure there is no GIL deadlock when running in a thread.
It runs in a separate process to be able to stop and assert if it deadlocks.
"""
assert _run_in_process(_python_to_cpp_to_python_from_threads, 1) == 0
def test_python_to_cpp_to_python_from_thread_multiple_parallel():
"""Makes sure there is no GIL deadlock when running in a thread multiple times in parallel.
It runs in a separate process to be able to stop and assert if it deadlocks.
"""
assert _run_in_process(_python_to_cpp_to_python_from_threads, 8, parallel=True) == 0
def test_python_to_cpp_to_python_from_thread_multiple_sequential():
"""Makes sure there is no GIL deadlock when running in a thread multiple times sequentially.
It runs in a separate process to be able to stop and assert if it deadlocks.
"""
assert _run_in_process(_python_to_cpp_to_python_from_threads, 8, parallel=False) == 0
def test_python_to_cpp_to_python_from_process():
"""Makes sure there is no GIL deadlock when using processes.
This test is for completion, but it was never an issue.
"""
assert _run_in_process(_python_to_cpp_to_python) == 0

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/*
tests/test_iostream.cpp -- Usage of scoped_output_redirect
Copyright (c) 2017 Henry F. Schreiner
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include <pybind11/iostream.h>
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <iostream>
void noisy_function(std::string msg, bool flush) {
std::cout << msg;
if (flush)
std::cout << std::flush;
}
void noisy_funct_dual(std::string msg, std::string emsg) {
std::cout << msg;
std::cerr << emsg;
}
TEST_SUBMODULE(iostream, m) {
add_ostream_redirect(m);
// test_evals
m.def("captured_output_default", [](std::string msg) {
py::scoped_ostream_redirect redir;
std::cout << msg << std::flush;
});
m.def("captured_output", [](std::string msg) {
py::scoped_ostream_redirect redir(std::cout, py::module::import("sys").attr("stdout"));
std::cout << msg << std::flush;
});
m.def("guard_output", &noisy_function,
py::call_guard<py::scoped_ostream_redirect>(),
py::arg("msg"), py::arg("flush")=true);
m.def("captured_err", [](std::string msg) {
py::scoped_ostream_redirect redir(std::cerr, py::module::import("sys").attr("stderr"));
std::cerr << msg << std::flush;
});
m.def("noisy_function", &noisy_function, py::arg("msg"), py::arg("flush") = true);
m.def("dual_guard", &noisy_funct_dual,
py::call_guard<py::scoped_ostream_redirect, py::scoped_estream_redirect>(),
py::arg("msg"), py::arg("emsg"));
m.def("raw_output", [](std::string msg) {
std::cout << msg << std::flush;
});
m.def("raw_err", [](std::string msg) {
std::cerr << msg << std::flush;
});
m.def("captured_dual", [](std::string msg, std::string emsg) {
py::scoped_ostream_redirect redirout(std::cout, py::module::import("sys").attr("stdout"));
py::scoped_ostream_redirect redirerr(std::cerr, py::module::import("sys").attr("stderr"));
std::cout << msg << std::flush;
std::cerr << emsg << std::flush;
});
}

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from pybind11_tests import iostream as m
import sys
from contextlib import contextmanager
try:
# Python 3
from io import StringIO
except ImportError:
# Python 2
try:
from cStringIO import StringIO
except ImportError:
from StringIO import StringIO
try:
# Python 3.4
from contextlib import redirect_stdout
except ImportError:
@contextmanager
def redirect_stdout(target):
original = sys.stdout
sys.stdout = target
yield
sys.stdout = original
try:
# Python 3.5
from contextlib import redirect_stderr
except ImportError:
@contextmanager
def redirect_stderr(target):
original = sys.stderr
sys.stderr = target
yield
sys.stderr = original
def test_captured(capsys):
msg = "I've been redirected to Python, I hope!"
m.captured_output(msg)
stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stderr == ''
m.captured_output_default(msg)
stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stderr == ''
m.captured_err(msg)
stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
assert stdout == ''
assert stderr == msg
def test_captured_large_string(capsys):
# Make this bigger than the buffer used on the C++ side: 1024 chars
msg = "I've been redirected to Python, I hope!"
msg = msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
m.captured_output_default(msg)
stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stderr == ''
def test_guard_capture(capsys):
msg = "I've been redirected to Python, I hope!"
m.guard_output(msg)
stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stderr == ''
def test_series_captured(capture):
with capture:
m.captured_output("a")
m.captured_output("b")
assert capture == "ab"
def test_flush(capfd):
msg = "(not flushed)"
msg2 = "(flushed)"
with m.ostream_redirect():
m.noisy_function(msg, flush=False)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == ''
m.noisy_function(msg2, flush=True)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg + msg2
m.noisy_function(msg, flush=False)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
def test_not_captured(capfd):
msg = "Something that should not show up in log"
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(stream):
m.raw_output(msg)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stderr == ''
assert stream.getvalue() == ''
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(stream):
m.captured_output(msg)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == ''
assert stderr == ''
assert stream.getvalue() == msg
def test_err(capfd):
msg = "Something that should not show up in log"
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stderr(stream):
m.raw_err(msg)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == ''
assert stderr == msg
assert stream.getvalue() == ''
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stderr(stream):
m.captured_err(msg)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == ''
assert stderr == ''
assert stream.getvalue() == msg
def test_multi_captured(capfd):
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(stream):
m.captured_output("a")
m.raw_output("b")
m.captured_output("c")
m.raw_output("d")
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == 'bd'
assert stream.getvalue() == 'ac'
def test_dual(capsys):
m.captured_dual("a", "b")
stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
assert stdout == "a"
assert stderr == "b"
def test_redirect(capfd):
msg = "Should not be in log!"
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(stream):
m.raw_output(msg)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stream.getvalue() == ''
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(stream):
with m.ostream_redirect():
m.raw_output(msg)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == ''
assert stream.getvalue() == msg
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(stream):
m.raw_output(msg)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stream.getvalue() == ''
def test_redirect_err(capfd):
msg = "StdOut"
msg2 = "StdErr"
stream = StringIO()
with redirect_stderr(stream):
with m.ostream_redirect(stdout=False):
m.raw_output(msg)
m.raw_err(msg2)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == msg
assert stderr == ''
assert stream.getvalue() == msg2
def test_redirect_both(capfd):
msg = "StdOut"
msg2 = "StdErr"
stream = StringIO()
stream2 = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(stream):
with redirect_stderr(stream2):
with m.ostream_redirect():
m.raw_output(msg)
m.raw_err(msg2)
stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
assert stdout == ''
assert stderr == ''
assert stream.getvalue() == msg
assert stream2.getvalue() == msg2

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/*
tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp -- keyword arguments and default values
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
TEST_SUBMODULE(kwargs_and_defaults, m) {
auto kw_func = [](int x, int y) { return "x=" + std::to_string(x) + ", y=" + std::to_string(y); };
// test_named_arguments
m.def("kw_func0", kw_func);
m.def("kw_func1", kw_func, py::arg("x"), py::arg("y"));
m.def("kw_func2", kw_func, py::arg("x") = 100, py::arg("y") = 200);
m.def("kw_func3", [](const char *) { }, py::arg("data") = std::string("Hello world!"));
/* A fancier default argument */
std::vector<int> list{{13, 17}};
m.def("kw_func4", [](const std::vector<int> &entries) {
std::string ret = "{";
for (int i : entries)
ret += std::to_string(i) + " ";
ret.back() = '}';
return ret;
}, py::arg("myList") = list);
m.def("kw_func_udl", kw_func, "x"_a, "y"_a=300);
m.def("kw_func_udl_z", kw_func, "x"_a, "y"_a=0);
// test_args_and_kwargs
m.def("args_function", [](py::args args) -> py::tuple {
return std::move(args);
});
m.def("args_kwargs_function", [](py::args args, py::kwargs kwargs) {
return py::make_tuple(args, kwargs);
});
// test_mixed_args_and_kwargs
m.def("mixed_plus_args", [](int i, double j, py::args args) {
return py::make_tuple(i, j, args);
});
m.def("mixed_plus_kwargs", [](int i, double j, py::kwargs kwargs) {
return py::make_tuple(i, j, kwargs);
});
auto mixed_plus_both = [](int i, double j, py::args args, py::kwargs kwargs) {
return py::make_tuple(i, j, args, kwargs);
};
m.def("mixed_plus_args_kwargs", mixed_plus_both);
m.def("mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults", mixed_plus_both,
py::arg("i") = 1, py::arg("j") = 3.14159);
// test_args_refcount
// PyPy needs a garbage collection to get the reference count values to match CPython's behaviour
#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
#define GC_IF_NEEDED ConstructorStats::gc()
#else
#define GC_IF_NEEDED
#endif
m.def("arg_refcount_h", [](py::handle h) { GC_IF_NEEDED; return h.ref_count(); });
m.def("arg_refcount_h", [](py::handle h, py::handle, py::handle) { GC_IF_NEEDED; return h.ref_count(); });
m.def("arg_refcount_o", [](py::object o) { GC_IF_NEEDED; return o.ref_count(); });
m.def("args_refcount", [](py::args a) {
GC_IF_NEEDED;
py::tuple t(a.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++)
// Use raw Python API here to avoid an extra, intermediate incref on the tuple item:
t[i] = (int) Py_REFCNT(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(a.ptr(), static_cast<ssize_t>(i)));
return t;
});
m.def("mixed_args_refcount", [](py::object o, py::args a) {
GC_IF_NEEDED;
py::tuple t(a.size() + 1);
t[0] = o.ref_count();
for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++)
// Use raw Python API here to avoid an extra, intermediate incref on the tuple item:
t[i + 1] = (int) Py_REFCNT(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(a.ptr(), static_cast<ssize_t>(i)));
return t;
});
// pybind11 won't allow these to be bound: args and kwargs, if present, must be at the end.
// Uncomment these to test that the static_assert is indeed working:
// m.def("bad_args1", [](py::args, int) {});
// m.def("bad_args2", [](py::kwargs, int) {});
// m.def("bad_args3", [](py::kwargs, py::args) {});
// m.def("bad_args4", [](py::args, int, py::kwargs) {});
// m.def("bad_args5", [](py::args, py::kwargs, int) {});
// m.def("bad_args6", [](py::args, py::args) {});
// m.def("bad_args7", [](py::kwargs, py::kwargs) {});
// test_function_signatures (along with most of the above)
struct KWClass { void foo(int, float) {} };
py::class_<KWClass>(m, "KWClass")
.def("foo0", &KWClass::foo)
.def("foo1", &KWClass::foo, "x"_a, "y"_a);
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import kwargs_and_defaults as m
def test_function_signatures(doc):
assert doc(m.kw_func0) == "kw_func0(arg0: int, arg1: int) -> str"
assert doc(m.kw_func1) == "kw_func1(x: int, y: int) -> str"
assert doc(m.kw_func2) == "kw_func2(x: int = 100, y: int = 200) -> str"
assert doc(m.kw_func3) == "kw_func3(data: str = 'Hello world!') -> None"
assert doc(m.kw_func4) == "kw_func4(myList: List[int] = [13, 17]) -> str"
assert doc(m.kw_func_udl) == "kw_func_udl(x: int, y: int = 300) -> str"
assert doc(m.kw_func_udl_z) == "kw_func_udl_z(x: int, y: int = 0) -> str"
assert doc(m.args_function) == "args_function(*args) -> tuple"
assert doc(m.args_kwargs_function) == "args_kwargs_function(*args, **kwargs) -> tuple"
assert doc(m.KWClass.foo0) == \
"foo0(self: m.kwargs_and_defaults.KWClass, arg0: int, arg1: float) -> None"
assert doc(m.KWClass.foo1) == \
"foo1(self: m.kwargs_and_defaults.KWClass, x: int, y: float) -> None"
def test_named_arguments(msg):
assert m.kw_func0(5, 10) == "x=5, y=10"
assert m.kw_func1(5, 10) == "x=5, y=10"
assert m.kw_func1(5, y=10) == "x=5, y=10"
assert m.kw_func1(y=10, x=5) == "x=5, y=10"
assert m.kw_func2() == "x=100, y=200"
assert m.kw_func2(5) == "x=5, y=200"
assert m.kw_func2(x=5) == "x=5, y=200"
assert m.kw_func2(y=10) == "x=100, y=10"
assert m.kw_func2(5, 10) == "x=5, y=10"
assert m.kw_func2(x=5, y=10) == "x=5, y=10"
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
# noinspection PyArgumentList
m.kw_func2(x=5, y=10, z=12)
assert excinfo.match(
r'(?s)^kw_func2\(\): incompatible.*Invoked with: kwargs: ((x=5|y=10|z=12)(, |$))' + '{3}$')
assert m.kw_func4() == "{13 17}"
assert m.kw_func4(myList=[1, 2, 3]) == "{1 2 3}"
assert m.kw_func_udl(x=5, y=10) == "x=5, y=10"
assert m.kw_func_udl_z(x=5) == "x=5, y=0"
def test_arg_and_kwargs():
args = 'arg1_value', 'arg2_value', 3
assert m.args_function(*args) == args
args = 'a1', 'a2'
kwargs = dict(arg3='a3', arg4=4)
assert m.args_kwargs_function(*args, **kwargs) == (args, kwargs)
def test_mixed_args_and_kwargs(msg):
mpa = m.mixed_plus_args
mpk = m.mixed_plus_kwargs
mpak = m.mixed_plus_args_kwargs
mpakd = m.mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults
assert mpa(1, 2.5, 4, 99.5, None) == (1, 2.5, (4, 99.5, None))
assert mpa(1, 2.5) == (1, 2.5, ())
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
assert mpa(1)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
mixed_plus_args(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: int, arg1: float, *args) -> tuple
Invoked with: 1
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
assert mpa()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
mixed_plus_args(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: int, arg1: float, *args) -> tuple
Invoked with:
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert mpk(-2, 3.5, pi=3.14159, e=2.71828) == (-2, 3.5, {'e': 2.71828, 'pi': 3.14159})
assert mpak(7, 7.7, 7.77, 7.777, 7.7777, minusseven=-7) == (
7, 7.7, (7.77, 7.777, 7.7777), {'minusseven': -7})
assert mpakd() == (1, 3.14159, (), {})
assert mpakd(3) == (3, 3.14159, (), {})
assert mpakd(j=2.71828) == (1, 2.71828, (), {})
assert mpakd(k=42) == (1, 3.14159, (), {'k': 42})
assert mpakd(1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, then=13, followedby=21) == (
1, 1, (2, 3, 5, 8), {'then': 13, 'followedby': 21})
# Arguments specified both positionally and via kwargs should fail:
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
assert mpakd(1, i=1)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (i: int = 1, j: float = 3.14159, *args, **kwargs) -> tuple
Invoked with: 1; kwargs: i=1
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
assert mpakd(1, 2, j=1)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (i: int = 1, j: float = 3.14159, *args, **kwargs) -> tuple
Invoked with: 1, 2; kwargs: j=1
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
def test_args_refcount():
"""Issue/PR #1216 - py::args elements get double-inc_ref()ed when combined with regular
arguments"""
refcount = m.arg_refcount_h
myval = 54321
expected = refcount(myval)
assert m.arg_refcount_h(myval) == expected
assert m.arg_refcount_o(myval) == expected + 1
assert m.arg_refcount_h(myval) == expected
assert refcount(myval) == expected
assert m.mixed_plus_args(1, 2.0, "a", myval) == (1, 2.0, ("a", myval))
assert refcount(myval) == expected
assert m.mixed_plus_kwargs(3, 4.0, a=1, b=myval) == (3, 4.0, {"a": 1, "b": myval})
assert refcount(myval) == expected
assert m.args_function(-1, myval) == (-1, myval)
assert refcount(myval) == expected
assert m.mixed_plus_args_kwargs(5, 6.0, myval, a=myval) == (5, 6.0, (myval,), {"a": myval})
assert refcount(myval) == expected
assert m.args_kwargs_function(7, 8, myval, a=1, b=myval) == \
((7, 8, myval), {"a": 1, "b": myval})
assert refcount(myval) == expected
exp3 = refcount(myval, myval, myval)
assert m.args_refcount(myval, myval, myval) == (exp3, exp3, exp3)
assert refcount(myval) == expected
# This function takes the first arg as a `py::object` and the rest as a `py::args`. Unlike the
# previous case, when we have both positional and `py::args` we need to construct a new tuple
# for the `py::args`; in the previous case, we could simply inc_ref and pass on Python's input
# tuple without having to inc_ref the individual elements, but here we can't, hence the extra
# refs.
assert m.mixed_args_refcount(myval, myval, myval) == (exp3 + 3, exp3 + 3, exp3 + 3)

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/*
tests/test_local_bindings.cpp -- tests the py::module_local class feature which makes a class
binding local to the module in which it is defined.
Copyright (c) 2017 Jason Rhinelander <jason@imaginary.ca>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "local_bindings.h"
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include <pybind11/stl_bind.h>
#include <numeric>
TEST_SUBMODULE(local_bindings, m) {
// test_load_external
m.def("load_external1", [](ExternalType1 &e) { return e.i; });
m.def("load_external2", [](ExternalType2 &e) { return e.i; });
// test_local_bindings
// Register a class with py::module_local:
bind_local<LocalType, -1>(m, "LocalType", py::module_local())
.def("get3", [](LocalType &t) { return t.i + 3; })
;
m.def("local_value", [](LocalType &l) { return l.i; });
// test_nonlocal_failure
// The main pybind11 test module is loaded first, so this registration will succeed (the second
// one, in pybind11_cross_module_tests.cpp, is designed to fail):
bind_local<NonLocalType, 0>(m, "NonLocalType")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("get", [](LocalType &i) { return i.i; })
;
// test_duplicate_local
// py::module_local declarations should be visible across compilation units that get linked together;
// this tries to register a duplicate local. It depends on a definition in test_class.cpp and
// should raise a runtime error from the duplicate definition attempt. If test_class isn't
// available it *also* throws a runtime error (with "test_class not enabled" as value).
m.def("register_local_external", [m]() {
auto main = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
if (py::hasattr(main, "class_")) {
bind_local<LocalExternal, 7>(m, "LocalExternal", py::module_local());
}
else throw std::runtime_error("test_class not enabled");
});
// test_stl_bind_local
// stl_bind.h binders defaults to py::module_local if the types are local or converting:
py::bind_vector<LocalVec>(m, "LocalVec");
py::bind_map<LocalMap>(m, "LocalMap");
// and global if the type (or one of the types, for the map) is global:
py::bind_vector<NonLocalVec>(m, "NonLocalVec");
py::bind_map<NonLocalMap>(m, "NonLocalMap");
// test_stl_bind_global
// They can, however, be overridden to global using `py::module_local(false)`:
bind_local<NonLocal2, 10>(m, "NonLocal2");
py::bind_vector<LocalVec2>(m, "LocalVec2", py::module_local());
py::bind_map<NonLocalMap2>(m, "NonLocalMap2", py::module_local(false));
// test_mixed_local_global
// We try this both with the global type registered first and vice versa (the order shouldn't
// matter).
m.def("register_mixed_global", [m]() {
bind_local<MixedGlobalLocal, 100>(m, "MixedGlobalLocal", py::module_local(false));
});
m.def("register_mixed_local", [m]() {
bind_local<MixedLocalGlobal, 1000>(m, "MixedLocalGlobal", py::module_local());
});
m.def("get_mixed_gl", [](int i) { return MixedGlobalLocal(i); });
m.def("get_mixed_lg", [](int i) { return MixedLocalGlobal(i); });
// test_internal_locals_differ
m.def("local_cpp_types_addr", []() { return (uintptr_t) &py::detail::registered_local_types_cpp(); });
// test_stl_caster_vs_stl_bind
m.def("load_vector_via_caster", [](std::vector<int> v) {
return std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0);
});
// test_cross_module_calls
m.def("return_self", [](LocalVec *v) { return v; });
m.def("return_copy", [](const LocalVec &v) { return LocalVec(v); });
class Cat : public pets::Pet { public: Cat(std::string name) : Pet(name) {}; };
py::class_<pets::Pet>(m, "Pet", py::module_local())
.def("get_name", &pets::Pet::name);
// Binding for local extending class:
py::class_<Cat, pets::Pet>(m, "Cat")
.def(py::init<std::string>());
m.def("pet_name", [](pets::Pet &p) { return p.name(); });
py::class_<MixGL>(m, "MixGL").def(py::init<int>());
m.def("get_gl_value", [](MixGL &o) { return o.i + 10; });
py::class_<MixGL2>(m, "MixGL2").def(py::init<int>());
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import local_bindings as m
def test_load_external():
"""Load a `py::module_local` type that's only registered in an external module"""
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
assert m.load_external1(cm.ExternalType1(11)) == 11
assert m.load_external2(cm.ExternalType2(22)) == 22
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
assert m.load_external2(cm.ExternalType1(21)) == 21
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
assert m.load_external1(cm.ExternalType2(12)) == 12
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
def test_local_bindings():
"""Tests that duplicate `py::module_local` class bindings work across modules"""
# Make sure we can load the second module with the conflicting (but local) definition:
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
i1 = m.LocalType(5)
assert i1.get() == 4
assert i1.get3() == 8
i2 = cm.LocalType(10)
assert i2.get() == 11
assert i2.get2() == 12
assert not hasattr(i1, 'get2')
assert not hasattr(i2, 'get3')
# Loading within the local module
assert m.local_value(i1) == 5
assert cm.local_value(i2) == 10
# Cross-module loading works as well (on failure, the type loader looks for
# external module-local converters):
assert m.local_value(i2) == 10
assert cm.local_value(i1) == 5
def test_nonlocal_failure():
"""Tests that attempting to register a non-local type in multiple modules fails"""
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
cm.register_nonlocal()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'generic_type: type "NonLocalType" is already registered!'
def test_duplicate_local():
"""Tests expected failure when registering a class twice with py::local in the same module"""
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.register_local_external()
import pybind11_tests
assert str(excinfo.value) == (
'generic_type: type "LocalExternal" is already registered!'
if hasattr(pybind11_tests, 'class_') else 'test_class not enabled')
def test_stl_bind_local():
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
v1, v2 = m.LocalVec(), cm.LocalVec()
v1.append(m.LocalType(1))
v1.append(m.LocalType(2))
v2.append(cm.LocalType(1))
v2.append(cm.LocalType(2))
# Cross module value loading:
v1.append(cm.LocalType(3))
v2.append(m.LocalType(3))
assert [i.get() for i in v1] == [0, 1, 2]
assert [i.get() for i in v2] == [2, 3, 4]
v3, v4 = m.NonLocalVec(), cm.NonLocalVec2()
v3.append(m.NonLocalType(1))
v3.append(m.NonLocalType(2))
v4.append(m.NonLocal2(3))
v4.append(m.NonLocal2(4))
assert [i.get() for i in v3] == [1, 2]
assert [i.get() for i in v4] == [13, 14]
d1, d2 = m.LocalMap(), cm.LocalMap()
d1["a"] = v1[0]
d1["b"] = v1[1]
d2["c"] = v2[0]
d2["d"] = v2[1]
assert {i: d1[i].get() for i in d1} == {'a': 0, 'b': 1}
assert {i: d2[i].get() for i in d2} == {'c': 2, 'd': 3}
def test_stl_bind_global():
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
cm.register_nonlocal_map()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'generic_type: type "NonLocalMap" is already registered!'
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
cm.register_nonlocal_vec()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'generic_type: type "NonLocalVec" is already registered!'
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
cm.register_nonlocal_map2()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'generic_type: type "NonLocalMap2" is already registered!'
def test_mixed_local_global():
"""Local types take precedence over globally registered types: a module with a `module_local`
type can be registered even if the type is already registered globally. With the module,
casting will go to the local type; outside the module casting goes to the global type."""
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
m.register_mixed_global()
m.register_mixed_local()
a = []
a.append(m.MixedGlobalLocal(1))
a.append(m.MixedLocalGlobal(2))
a.append(m.get_mixed_gl(3))
a.append(m.get_mixed_lg(4))
assert [x.get() for x in a] == [101, 1002, 103, 1004]
cm.register_mixed_global_local()
cm.register_mixed_local_global()
a.append(m.MixedGlobalLocal(5))
a.append(m.MixedLocalGlobal(6))
a.append(cm.MixedGlobalLocal(7))
a.append(cm.MixedLocalGlobal(8))
a.append(m.get_mixed_gl(9))
a.append(m.get_mixed_lg(10))
a.append(cm.get_mixed_gl(11))
a.append(cm.get_mixed_lg(12))
assert [x.get() for x in a] == \
[101, 1002, 103, 1004, 105, 1006, 207, 2008, 109, 1010, 211, 2012]
def test_internal_locals_differ():
"""Makes sure the internal local type map differs across the two modules"""
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
assert m.local_cpp_types_addr() != cm.local_cpp_types_addr()
def test_stl_caster_vs_stl_bind(msg):
"""One module uses a generic vector caster from `<pybind11/stl.h>` while the other
exports `std::vector<int>` via `py:bind_vector` and `py::module_local`"""
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
v1 = cm.VectorInt([1, 2, 3])
assert m.load_vector_via_caster(v1) == 6
assert cm.load_vector_via_binding(v1) == 6
v2 = [1, 2, 3]
assert m.load_vector_via_caster(v2) == 6
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
cm.load_vector_via_binding(v2) == 6
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
load_vector_via_binding(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: pybind11_cross_module_tests.VectorInt) -> int
Invoked with: [1, 2, 3]
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
def test_cross_module_calls():
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
v1 = m.LocalVec()
v1.append(m.LocalType(1))
v2 = cm.LocalVec()
v2.append(cm.LocalType(2))
# Returning the self pointer should get picked up as returning an existing
# instance (even when that instance is of a foreign, non-local type).
assert m.return_self(v1) is v1
assert cm.return_self(v2) is v2
assert m.return_self(v2) is v2
assert cm.return_self(v1) is v1
assert m.LocalVec is not cm.LocalVec
# Returning a copy, on the other hand, always goes to the local type,
# regardless of where the source type came from.
assert type(m.return_copy(v1)) is m.LocalVec
assert type(m.return_copy(v2)) is m.LocalVec
assert type(cm.return_copy(v1)) is cm.LocalVec
assert type(cm.return_copy(v2)) is cm.LocalVec
# Test the example given in the documentation (which also tests inheritance casting):
mycat = m.Cat("Fluffy")
mydog = cm.Dog("Rover")
assert mycat.get_name() == "Fluffy"
assert mydog.name() == "Rover"
assert m.Cat.__base__.__name__ == "Pet"
assert cm.Dog.__base__.__name__ == "Pet"
assert m.Cat.__base__ is not cm.Dog.__base__
assert m.pet_name(mycat) == "Fluffy"
assert m.pet_name(mydog) == "Rover"
assert cm.pet_name(mycat) == "Fluffy"
assert cm.pet_name(mydog) == "Rover"
assert m.MixGL is not cm.MixGL
a = m.MixGL(1)
b = cm.MixGL(2)
assert m.get_gl_value(a) == 11
assert m.get_gl_value(b) == 12
assert cm.get_gl_value(a) == 101
assert cm.get_gl_value(b) == 102
c, d = m.MixGL2(3), cm.MixGL2(4)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_gl_value(c)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_gl_value(d)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo)

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/*
tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp -- constructors, deconstructors, attribute access,
__str__, argument and return value conventions
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
class ExampleMandA {
public:
ExampleMandA() { print_default_created(this); }
ExampleMandA(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, value); }
ExampleMandA(const ExampleMandA &e) : value(e.value) { print_copy_created(this); }
ExampleMandA(ExampleMandA &&e) : value(e.value) { print_move_created(this); }
~ExampleMandA() { print_destroyed(this); }
std::string toString() {
return "ExampleMandA[value=" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
}
void operator=(const ExampleMandA &e) { print_copy_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
void operator=(ExampleMandA &&e) { print_move_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
void add1(ExampleMandA other) { value += other.value; } // passing by value
void add2(ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by reference
void add3(const ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by const reference
void add4(ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by pointer
void add5(const ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by const pointer
void add6(int other) { value += other; } // passing by value
void add7(int &other) { value += other; } // passing by reference
void add8(const int &other) { value += other; } // passing by const reference
void add9(int *other) { value += *other; } // passing by pointer
void add10(const int *other) { value += *other; } // passing by const pointer
ExampleMandA self1() { return *this; } // return by value
ExampleMandA &self2() { return *this; } // return by reference
const ExampleMandA &self3() { return *this; } // return by const reference
ExampleMandA *self4() { return this; } // return by pointer
const ExampleMandA *self5() { return this; } // return by const pointer
int internal1() { return value; } // return by value
int &internal2() { return value; } // return by reference
const int &internal3() { return value; } // return by const reference
int *internal4() { return &value; } // return by pointer
const int *internal5() { return &value; } // return by const pointer
py::str overloaded() { return "()"; }
py::str overloaded(int) { return "(int)"; }
py::str overloaded(int, float) { return "(int, float)"; }
py::str overloaded(float, int) { return "(float, int)"; }
py::str overloaded(int, int) { return "(int, int)"; }
py::str overloaded(float, float) { return "(float, float)"; }
py::str overloaded(int) const { return "(int) const"; }
py::str overloaded(int, float) const { return "(int, float) const"; }
py::str overloaded(float, int) const { return "(float, int) const"; }
py::str overloaded(int, int) const { return "(int, int) const"; }
py::str overloaded(float, float) const { return "(float, float) const"; }
static py::str overloaded(float) { return "static float"; }
int value = 0;
};
struct TestProperties {
int value = 1;
static int static_value;
int get() const { return value; }
void set(int v) { value = v; }
static int static_get() { return static_value; }
static void static_set(int v) { static_value = v; }
};
int TestProperties::static_value = 1;
struct TestPropertiesOverride : TestProperties {
int value = 99;
static int static_value;
};
int TestPropertiesOverride::static_value = 99;
struct TestPropRVP {
UserType v1{1};
UserType v2{1};
static UserType sv1;
static UserType sv2;
const UserType &get1() const { return v1; }
const UserType &get2() const { return v2; }
UserType get_rvalue() const { return v2; }
void set1(int v) { v1.set(v); }
void set2(int v) { v2.set(v); }
};
UserType TestPropRVP::sv1(1);
UserType TestPropRVP::sv2(1);
// py::arg/py::arg_v testing: these arguments just record their argument when invoked
class ArgInspector1 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 1)"; };
class ArgInspector2 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 2)"; };
class ArgAlwaysConverts { };
namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector1> {
public:
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector1, _("ArgInspector1"));
bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
value.arg = "loading ArgInspector1 argument " +
std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
"Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
return true;
}
static handle cast(const ArgInspector1 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
return str(src.arg).release();
}
};
template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector2> {
public:
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector2, _("ArgInspector2"));
bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
value.arg = "loading ArgInspector2 argument " +
std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
"Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
return true;
}
static handle cast(const ArgInspector2 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
return str(src.arg).release();
}
};
template <> struct type_caster<ArgAlwaysConverts> {
public:
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgAlwaysConverts, _("ArgAlwaysConverts"));
bool load(handle, bool convert) {
return convert;
}
static handle cast(const ArgAlwaysConverts &, return_value_policy, handle) {
return py::none().release();
}
};
}}
// test_custom_caster_destruction
class DestructionTester {
public:
DestructionTester() { print_default_created(this); }
~DestructionTester() { print_destroyed(this); }
DestructionTester(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_created(this); }
DestructionTester(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_created(this); }
DestructionTester &operator=(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_assigned(this); return *this; }
DestructionTester &operator=(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }
};
namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
template <> struct type_caster<DestructionTester> {
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(DestructionTester, _("DestructionTester"));
bool load(handle, bool) { return true; }
static handle cast(const DestructionTester &, return_value_policy, handle) {
return py::bool_(true).release();
}
};
}}
// Test None-allowed py::arg argument policy
class NoneTester { public: int answer = 42; };
int none1(const NoneTester &obj) { return obj.answer; }
int none2(NoneTester *obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
int none3(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> &obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
int none4(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> *obj) { return obj && *obj ? (*obj)->answer : -1; }
int none5(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
struct StrIssue {
int val = -1;
StrIssue() = default;
StrIssue(int i) : val{i} {}
};
// Issues #854, #910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered base class
class UnregisteredBase {
public:
void do_nothing() const {}
void increase_value() { rw_value++; ro_value += 0.25; }
void set_int(int v) { rw_value = v; }
int get_int() const { return rw_value; }
double get_double() const { return ro_value; }
int rw_value = 42;
double ro_value = 1.25;
};
class RegisteredDerived : public UnregisteredBase {
public:
using UnregisteredBase::UnregisteredBase;
double sum() const { return rw_value + ro_value; }
};
TEST_SUBMODULE(methods_and_attributes, m) {
// test_methods_and_attributes
py::class_<ExampleMandA> emna(m, "ExampleMandA");
emna.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::init<int>())
.def(py::init<const ExampleMandA&>())
.def("add1", &ExampleMandA::add1)
.def("add2", &ExampleMandA::add2)
.def("add3", &ExampleMandA::add3)
.def("add4", &ExampleMandA::add4)
.def("add5", &ExampleMandA::add5)
.def("add6", &ExampleMandA::add6)
.def("add7", &ExampleMandA::add7)
.def("add8", &ExampleMandA::add8)
.def("add9", &ExampleMandA::add9)
.def("add10", &ExampleMandA::add10)
.def("self1", &ExampleMandA::self1)
.def("self2", &ExampleMandA::self2)
.def("self3", &ExampleMandA::self3)
.def("self4", &ExampleMandA::self4)
.def("self5", &ExampleMandA::self5)
.def("internal1", &ExampleMandA::internal1)
.def("internal2", &ExampleMandA::internal2)
.def("internal3", &ExampleMandA::internal3)
.def("internal4", &ExampleMandA::internal4)
.def("internal5", &ExampleMandA::internal5)
#if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_float", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int >(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
#else
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)()>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_float", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int ) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
#endif
// test_no_mixed_overloads
// Raise error if trying to mix static/non-static overloads on the same name:
.def_static("add_mixed_overloads1", []() {
auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
emna.def ("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def_static("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
})
.def_static("add_mixed_overloads2", []() {
auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
emna.def_static("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def ("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
})
.def("__str__", &ExampleMandA::toString)
.def_readwrite("value", &ExampleMandA::value);
// test_copy_method
// Issue #443: can't call copied methods in Python 3
emna.attr("add2b") = emna.attr("add2");
// test_properties, test_static_properties, test_static_cls
py::class_<TestProperties>(m, "TestProperties")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestProperties::value)
.def_readwrite("def_readwrite", &TestProperties::value)
.def_property("def_writeonly", nullptr,
[](TestProperties& s,int v) { s.value = v; } )
.def_property("def_property_writeonly", nullptr, &TestProperties::set)
.def_property_readonly("def_property_readonly", &TestProperties::get)
.def_property("def_property", &TestProperties::get, &TestProperties::set)
.def_property("def_property_impossible", nullptr, nullptr)
.def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
.def_readwrite_static("def_readwrite_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
.def_property_static("def_writeonly_static", nullptr,
[](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_value = v; })
.def_property_readonly_static("def_property_readonly_static",
[](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); })
.def_property_static("def_property_writeonly_static", nullptr,
[](py::object, int v) { return TestProperties::static_set(v); })
.def_property_static("def_property_static",
[](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); },
[](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_set(v); })
.def_property_static("static_cls",
[](py::object cls) { return cls; },
[](py::object cls, py::function f) { f(cls); });
py::class_<TestPropertiesOverride, TestProperties>(m, "TestPropertiesOverride")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestPropertiesOverride::value)
.def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestPropertiesOverride::static_value);
auto static_get1 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv1; };
auto static_get2 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv2; };
auto static_set1 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv1.set(v); };
auto static_set2 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv2.set(v); };
auto rvp_copy = py::return_value_policy::copy;
// test_property_return_value_policies
py::class_<TestPropRVP>(m, "TestPropRVP")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_property_readonly("ro_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1)
.def_property_readonly("ro_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy)
.def_property_readonly("ro_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy))
.def_property("rw_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1, &TestPropRVP::set1)
.def_property("rw_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, &TestPropRVP::set2, rvp_copy)
.def_property("rw_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy), &TestPropRVP::set2)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_ref", static_get1)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_copy", static_get2, rvp_copy)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy))
.def_property_static("static_rw_ref", static_get1, static_set1)
.def_property_static("static_rw_copy", static_get2, static_set2, rvp_copy)
.def_property_static("static_rw_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy), static_set2)
// test_property_rvalue_policy
.def_property_readonly("rvalue", &TestPropRVP::get_rvalue)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_rvalue", [](py::object) { return UserType(1); });
// test_metaclass_override
struct MetaclassOverride { };
py::class_<MetaclassOverride>(m, "MetaclassOverride", py::metaclass((PyObject *) &PyType_Type))
.def_property_readonly_static("readonly", [](py::object) { return 1; });
#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
// test_dynamic_attributes
class DynamicClass {
public:
DynamicClass() { print_default_created(this); }
~DynamicClass() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<DynamicClass>(m, "DynamicClass", py::dynamic_attr())
.def(py::init());
class CppDerivedDynamicClass : public DynamicClass { };
py::class_<CppDerivedDynamicClass, DynamicClass>(m, "CppDerivedDynamicClass")
.def(py::init());
#endif
// test_noconvert_args
//
// Test converting. The ArgAlwaysConverts is just there to make the first no-conversion pass
// fail so that our call always ends up happening via the second dispatch (the one that allows
// some conversion).
class ArgInspector {
public:
ArgInspector1 f(ArgInspector1 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
std::string g(ArgInspector1 a, const ArgInspector1 &b, int c, ArgInspector2 *d, ArgAlwaysConverts) {
return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg + "\n" + std::to_string(c) + "\n" + d->arg;
}
static ArgInspector2 h(ArgInspector2 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
};
py::class_<ArgInspector>(m, "ArgInspector")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("f", &ArgInspector::f, py::arg(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
.def("g", &ArgInspector::g, "a"_a.noconvert(), "b"_a, "c"_a.noconvert()=13, "d"_a=ArgInspector2(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
.def_static("h", &ArgInspector::h, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
;
m.def("arg_inspect_func", [](ArgInspector2 a, ArgInspector1 b, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg; },
py::arg().noconvert(false), py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());
m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f"));
m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f").noconvert());
m.def("ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i"));
m.def("ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i").noconvert());
// test_bad_arg_default
// Issue/PR #648: bad arg default debugging output
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
m.attr("debug_enabled") = true;
#else
m.attr("debug_enabled") = false;
#endif
m.def("bad_arg_def_named", []{
auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg("a") = UnregisteredType());
});
m.def("bad_arg_def_unnamed", []{
auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg() = UnregisteredType());
});
// test_accepts_none
py::class_<NoneTester, std::shared_ptr<NoneTester>>(m, "NoneTester")
.def(py::init<>());
m.def("no_none1", &none1, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none3", &none3, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none5", &none5, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("ok_none1", &none1);
m.def("ok_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(true));
m.def("ok_none3", &none3);
m.def("ok_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(true));
m.def("ok_none5", &none5);
// test_str_issue
// Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid
py::class_<StrIssue>(m, "StrIssue")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def(py::init<>())
.def("__str__", [](const StrIssue &si) {
return "StrIssue[" + std::to_string(si.val) + "]"; }
);
// test_unregistered_base_implementations
//
// Issues #854/910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered
// base class The methods and member pointers below actually resolve to members/pointers in
// UnregisteredBase; before this test/fix they would be registered via lambda with a first
// argument of an unregistered type, and thus uncallable.
py::class_<RegisteredDerived>(m, "RegisteredDerived")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("do_nothing", &RegisteredDerived::do_nothing)
.def("increase_value", &RegisteredDerived::increase_value)
.def_readwrite("rw_value", &RegisteredDerived::rw_value)
.def_readonly("ro_value", &RegisteredDerived::ro_value)
// These should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
//.def_readwrite("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
//.def_readonly("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
.def_property("rw_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_int, &RegisteredDerived::set_int)
.def_property_readonly("ro_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_double)
// This one is in the registered class:
.def("sum", &RegisteredDerived::sum)
;
using Adapted = decltype(py::method_adaptor<RegisteredDerived>(&RegisteredDerived::do_nothing));
static_assert(std::is_same<Adapted, void (RegisteredDerived::*)() const>::value, "");
// test_custom_caster_destruction
// Test that `take_ownership` works on types with a custom type caster when given a pointer
// default policy: don't take ownership:
m.def("custom_caster_no_destroy", []() { static auto *dt = new DestructionTester(); return dt; });
m.def("custom_caster_destroy", []() { return new DestructionTester(); },
py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Takes ownership: destroy when finished
m.def("custom_caster_destroy_const", []() -> const DestructionTester * { return new DestructionTester(); },
py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Likewise (const doesn't inhibit destruction)
m.def("destruction_tester_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<DestructionTester>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import methods_and_attributes as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_methods_and_attributes():
instance1 = m.ExampleMandA()
instance2 = m.ExampleMandA(32)
instance1.add1(instance2)
instance1.add2(instance2)
instance1.add3(instance2)
instance1.add4(instance2)
instance1.add5(instance2)
instance1.add6(32)
instance1.add7(32)
instance1.add8(32)
instance1.add9(32)
instance1.add10(32)
assert str(instance1) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
assert str(instance2) == "ExampleMandA[value=32]"
assert str(instance1.self1()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
assert str(instance1.self2()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
assert str(instance1.self3()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
assert str(instance1.self4()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
assert str(instance1.self5()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
assert instance1.internal1() == 320
assert instance1.internal2() == 320
assert instance1.internal3() == 320
assert instance1.internal4() == 320
assert instance1.internal5() == 320
assert instance1.overloaded() == "()"
assert instance1.overloaded(0) == "(int)"
assert instance1.overloaded(1, 1.0) == "(int, float)"
assert instance1.overloaded(2.0, 2) == "(float, int)"
assert instance1.overloaded(3, 3) == "(int, int)"
assert instance1.overloaded(4., 4.) == "(float, float)"
assert instance1.overloaded_const(-3) == "(int) const"
assert instance1.overloaded_const(5, 5.0) == "(int, float) const"
assert instance1.overloaded_const(6.0, 6) == "(float, int) const"
assert instance1.overloaded_const(7, 7) == "(int, int) const"
assert instance1.overloaded_const(8., 8.) == "(float, float) const"
assert instance1.overloaded_float(1, 1) == "(float, float)"
assert instance1.overloaded_float(1, 1.) == "(float, float)"
assert instance1.overloaded_float(1., 1) == "(float, float)"
assert instance1.overloaded_float(1., 1.) == "(float, float)"
assert instance1.value == 320
instance1.value = 100
assert str(instance1) == "ExampleMandA[value=100]"
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.ExampleMandA)
assert cstats.alive() == 2
del instance1, instance2
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ["32"]
assert cstats.default_constructions == 1
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 3
assert cstats.move_constructions >= 1
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
def test_copy_method():
"""Issue #443: calling copied methods fails in Python 3"""
m.ExampleMandA.add2c = m.ExampleMandA.add2
m.ExampleMandA.add2d = m.ExampleMandA.add2b
a = m.ExampleMandA(123)
assert a.value == 123
a.add2(m.ExampleMandA(-100))
assert a.value == 23
a.add2b(m.ExampleMandA(20))
assert a.value == 43
a.add2c(m.ExampleMandA(6))
assert a.value == 49
a.add2d(m.ExampleMandA(-7))
assert a.value == 42
def test_properties():
instance = m.TestProperties()
assert instance.def_readonly == 1
with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
instance.def_readonly = 2
instance.def_readwrite = 2
assert instance.def_readwrite == 2
assert instance.def_property_readonly == 2
with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
instance.def_property_readonly = 3
instance.def_property = 3
assert instance.def_property == 3
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
dummy = instance.def_property_writeonly # noqa: F841 unused var
assert "unreadable attribute" in str(excinfo)
instance.def_property_writeonly = 4
assert instance.def_property_readonly == 4
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
dummy = instance.def_property_impossible # noqa: F841 unused var
assert "unreadable attribute" in str(excinfo)
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
instance.def_property_impossible = 5
assert "can't set attribute" in str(excinfo)
def test_static_properties():
assert m.TestProperties.def_readonly_static == 1
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
m.TestProperties.def_readonly_static = 2
assert "can't set attribute" in str(excinfo)
m.TestProperties.def_readwrite_static = 2
assert m.TestProperties.def_readwrite_static == 2
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
dummy = m.TestProperties.def_writeonly_static # noqa: F841 unused var
assert "unreadable attribute" in str(excinfo)
m.TestProperties.def_writeonly_static = 3
assert m.TestProperties.def_readonly_static == 3
assert m.TestProperties.def_property_readonly_static == 3
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
m.TestProperties.def_property_readonly_static = 99
assert "can't set attribute" in str(excinfo)
m.TestProperties.def_property_static = 4
assert m.TestProperties.def_property_static == 4
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
dummy = m.TestProperties.def_property_writeonly_static
assert "unreadable attribute" in str(excinfo)
m.TestProperties.def_property_writeonly_static = 5
assert m.TestProperties.def_property_static == 5
# Static property read and write via instance
instance = m.TestProperties()
m.TestProperties.def_readwrite_static = 0
assert m.TestProperties.def_readwrite_static == 0
assert instance.def_readwrite_static == 0
instance.def_readwrite_static = 2
assert m.TestProperties.def_readwrite_static == 2
assert instance.def_readwrite_static == 2
with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
dummy = instance.def_property_writeonly_static # noqa: F841 unused var
assert "unreadable attribute" in str(excinfo)
instance.def_property_writeonly_static = 4
assert instance.def_property_static == 4
# It should be possible to override properties in derived classes
assert m.TestPropertiesOverride().def_readonly == 99
assert m.TestPropertiesOverride.def_readonly_static == 99
def test_static_cls():
"""Static property getter and setters expect the type object as the their only argument"""
instance = m.TestProperties()
assert m.TestProperties.static_cls is m.TestProperties
assert instance.static_cls is m.TestProperties
def check_self(self):
assert self is m.TestProperties
m.TestProperties.static_cls = check_self
instance.static_cls = check_self
def test_metaclass_override():
"""Overriding pybind11's default metaclass changes the behavior of `static_property`"""
assert type(m.ExampleMandA).__name__ == "pybind11_type"
assert type(m.MetaclassOverride).__name__ == "type"
assert m.MetaclassOverride.readonly == 1
assert type(m.MetaclassOverride.__dict__["readonly"]).__name__ == "pybind11_static_property"
# Regular `type` replaces the property instead of calling `__set__()`
m.MetaclassOverride.readonly = 2
assert m.MetaclassOverride.readonly == 2
assert isinstance(m.MetaclassOverride.__dict__["readonly"], int)
def test_no_mixed_overloads():
from pybind11_tests import debug_enabled
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.ExampleMandA.add_mixed_overloads1()
assert (str(excinfo.value) ==
"overloading a method with both static and instance methods is not supported; " +
("compile in debug mode for more details" if not debug_enabled else
"error while attempting to bind static method ExampleMandA.overload_mixed1"
"(arg0: float) -> str")
)
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.ExampleMandA.add_mixed_overloads2()
assert (str(excinfo.value) ==
"overloading a method with both static and instance methods is not supported; " +
("compile in debug mode for more details" if not debug_enabled else
"error while attempting to bind instance method ExampleMandA.overload_mixed2"
"(self: pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes.ExampleMandA, arg0: int, arg1: int)"
" -> str")
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("access", ["ro", "rw", "static_ro", "static_rw"])
def test_property_return_value_policies(access):
if not access.startswith("static"):
obj = m.TestPropRVP()
else:
obj = m.TestPropRVP
ref = getattr(obj, access + "_ref")
assert ref.value == 1
ref.value = 2
assert getattr(obj, access + "_ref").value == 2
ref.value = 1 # restore original value for static properties
copy = getattr(obj, access + "_copy")
assert copy.value == 1
copy.value = 2
assert getattr(obj, access + "_copy").value == 1
copy = getattr(obj, access + "_func")
assert copy.value == 1
copy.value = 2
assert getattr(obj, access + "_func").value == 1
def test_property_rvalue_policy():
"""When returning an rvalue, the return value policy is automatically changed from
`reference(_internal)` to `move`. The following would not work otherwise."""
instance = m.TestPropRVP()
o = instance.rvalue
assert o.value == 1
os = m.TestPropRVP.static_rvalue
assert os.value == 1
# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2447
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_dynamic_attributes():
instance = m.DynamicClass()
assert not hasattr(instance, "foo")
assert "foo" not in dir(instance)
# Dynamically add attribute
instance.foo = 42
assert hasattr(instance, "foo")
assert instance.foo == 42
assert "foo" in dir(instance)
# __dict__ should be accessible and replaceable
assert "foo" in instance.__dict__
instance.__dict__ = {"bar": True}
assert not hasattr(instance, "foo")
assert hasattr(instance, "bar")
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
instance.__dict__ = []
assert str(excinfo.value) == "__dict__ must be set to a dictionary, not a 'list'"
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.DynamicClass)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del instance
assert cstats.alive() == 0
# Derived classes should work as well
class PythonDerivedDynamicClass(m.DynamicClass):
pass
for cls in m.CppDerivedDynamicClass, PythonDerivedDynamicClass:
derived = cls()
derived.foobar = 100
assert derived.foobar == 100
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del derived
assert cstats.alive() == 0
# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2447
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_cyclic_gc():
# One object references itself
instance = m.DynamicClass()
instance.circular_reference = instance
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.DynamicClass)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del instance
assert cstats.alive() == 0
# Two object reference each other
i1 = m.DynamicClass()
i2 = m.DynamicClass()
i1.cycle = i2
i2.cycle = i1
assert cstats.alive() == 2
del i1, i2
assert cstats.alive() == 0
def test_noconvert_args(msg):
a = m.ArgInspector()
assert msg(a.f("hi")) == """
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = hi
"""
assert msg(a.g("this is a", "this is b")) == """
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed. Argument value = this is a
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = this is b
13
loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = (default arg inspector 2)
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert msg(a.g("this is a", "this is b", 42)) == """
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed. Argument value = this is a
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = this is b
42
loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = (default arg inspector 2)
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert msg(a.g("this is a", "this is b", 42, "this is d")) == """
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed. Argument value = this is a
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = this is b
42
loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = this is d
"""
assert (a.h("arg 1") ==
"loading ArgInspector2 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed. Argument value = arg 1")
assert msg(m.arg_inspect_func("A1", "A2")) == """
loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed. Argument value = A1
loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed. Argument value = A2
"""
assert m.floats_preferred(4) == 2.0
assert m.floats_only(4.0) == 2.0
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.floats_only(4)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
floats_only(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (f: float) -> float
Invoked with: 4
"""
assert m.ints_preferred(4) == 2
assert m.ints_preferred(True) == 0
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.ints_preferred(4.0)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
ints_preferred(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (i: int) -> int
Invoked with: 4.0
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert m.ints_only(4) == 2
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.ints_only(4.0)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
ints_only(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (i: int) -> int
Invoked with: 4.0
"""
def test_bad_arg_default(msg):
from pybind11_tests import debug_enabled
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.bad_arg_def_named()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == (
"arg(): could not convert default argument 'a: UnregisteredType' in function "
"'should_fail' into a Python object (type not registered yet?)"
if debug_enabled else
"arg(): could not convert default argument into a Python object (type not registered "
"yet?). Compile in debug mode for more information."
)
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.bad_arg_def_unnamed()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == (
"arg(): could not convert default argument 'UnregisteredType' in function "
"'should_fail' into a Python object (type not registered yet?)"
if debug_enabled else
"arg(): could not convert default argument into a Python object (type not registered "
"yet?). Compile in debug mode for more information."
)
def test_accepts_none(msg):
a = m.NoneTester()
assert m.no_none1(a) == 42
assert m.no_none2(a) == 42
assert m.no_none3(a) == 42
assert m.no_none4(a) == 42
assert m.no_none5(a) == 42
assert m.ok_none1(a) == 42
assert m.ok_none2(a) == 42
assert m.ok_none3(a) == 42
assert m.ok_none4(a) == 42
assert m.ok_none5(a) == 42
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.no_none1(None)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.no_none2(None)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.no_none3(None)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.no_none4(None)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.no_none5(None)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
# The first one still raises because you can't pass None as a lvalue reference arg:
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
assert m.ok_none1(None) == -1
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
ok_none1(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: m.methods_and_attributes.NoneTester) -> int
Invoked with: None
"""
# The rest take the argument as pointer or holder, and accept None:
assert m.ok_none2(None) == -1
assert m.ok_none3(None) == -1
assert m.ok_none4(None) == -1
assert m.ok_none5(None) == -1
def test_str_issue(msg):
"""#283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid"""
assert str(m.StrIssue(3)) == "StrIssue[3]"
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
str(m.StrIssue("no", "such", "constructor"))
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
__init__(): incompatible constructor arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. m.methods_and_attributes.StrIssue(arg0: int)
2. m.methods_and_attributes.StrIssue()
Invoked with: 'no', 'such', 'constructor'
"""
def test_unregistered_base_implementations():
a = m.RegisteredDerived()
a.do_nothing()
assert a.rw_value == 42
assert a.ro_value == 1.25
a.rw_value += 5
assert a.sum() == 48.25
a.increase_value()
assert a.rw_value == 48
assert a.ro_value == 1.5
assert a.sum() == 49.5
assert a.rw_value_prop == 48
a.rw_value_prop += 1
assert a.rw_value_prop == 49
a.increase_value()
assert a.ro_value_prop == 1.75
def test_custom_caster_destruction():
"""Tests that returning a pointer to a type that gets converted with a custom type caster gets
destroyed when the function has py::return_value_policy::take_ownership policy applied."""
cstats = m.destruction_tester_cstats()
# This one *doesn't* have take_ownership: the pointer should be used but not destroyed:
z = m.custom_caster_no_destroy()
assert cstats.alive() == 1 and cstats.default_constructions == 1
assert z
# take_ownership applied: this constructs a new object, casts it, then destroys it:
z = m.custom_caster_destroy()
assert z
assert cstats.default_constructions == 2
# Same, but with a const pointer return (which should *not* inhibit destruction):
z = m.custom_caster_destroy_const()
assert z
assert cstats.default_constructions == 3
# Make sure we still only have the original object (from ..._no_destroy()) alive:
assert cstats.alive() == 1

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/*
tests/test_modules.cpp -- nested modules, importing modules, and
internal references
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(modules, m) {
// test_nested_modules
py::module m_sub = m.def_submodule("subsubmodule");
m_sub.def("submodule_func", []() { return "submodule_func()"; });
// test_reference_internal
class A {
public:
A(int v) : v(v) { print_created(this, v); }
~A() { print_destroyed(this); }
A(const A&) { print_copy_created(this); }
A& operator=(const A &copy) { print_copy_assigned(this); v = copy.v; return *this; }
std::string toString() { return "A[" + std::to_string(v) + "]"; }
private:
int v;
};
py::class_<A>(m_sub, "A")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("__repr__", &A::toString);
class B {
public:
B() { print_default_created(this); }
~B() { print_destroyed(this); }
B(const B&) { print_copy_created(this); }
B& operator=(const B &copy) { print_copy_assigned(this); a1 = copy.a1; a2 = copy.a2; return *this; }
A &get_a1() { return a1; }
A &get_a2() { return a2; }
A a1{1};
A a2{2};
};
py::class_<B>(m_sub, "B")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("get_a1", &B::get_a1, "Return the internal A 1", py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
.def("get_a2", &B::get_a2, "Return the internal A 2", py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
.def_readwrite("a1", &B::a1) // def_readonly uses an internal reference return policy by default
.def_readwrite("a2", &B::a2);
m.attr("OD") = py::module::import("collections").attr("OrderedDict");
// test_duplicate_registration
// Registering two things with the same name
m.def("duplicate_registration", []() {
class Dupe1 { };
class Dupe2 { };
class Dupe3 { };
class DupeException { };
auto dm = py::module("dummy");
auto failures = py::list();
py::class_<Dupe1>(dm, "Dupe1");
py::class_<Dupe2>(dm, "Dupe2");
dm.def("dupe1_factory", []() { return Dupe1(); });
py::exception<DupeException>(dm, "DupeException");
try {
py::class_<Dupe1>(dm, "Dupe1");
failures.append("Dupe1 class");
} catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
try {
dm.def("Dupe1", []() { return Dupe1(); });
failures.append("Dupe1 function");
} catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
try {
py::class_<Dupe3>(dm, "dupe1_factory");
failures.append("dupe1_factory");
} catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
try {
py::exception<Dupe3>(dm, "Dupe2");
failures.append("Dupe2");
} catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
try {
dm.def("DupeException", []() { return 30; });
failures.append("DupeException1");
} catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
try {
py::class_<DupeException>(dm, "DupeException");
failures.append("DupeException2");
} catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
return failures;
});
}

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from pybind11_tests import modules as m
from pybind11_tests.modules import subsubmodule as ms
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_nested_modules():
import pybind11_tests
assert pybind11_tests.__name__ == "pybind11_tests"
assert pybind11_tests.modules.__name__ == "pybind11_tests.modules"
assert pybind11_tests.modules.subsubmodule.__name__ == "pybind11_tests.modules.subsubmodule"
assert m.__name__ == "pybind11_tests.modules"
assert ms.__name__ == "pybind11_tests.modules.subsubmodule"
assert ms.submodule_func() == "submodule_func()"
def test_reference_internal():
b = ms.B()
assert str(b.get_a1()) == "A[1]"
assert str(b.a1) == "A[1]"
assert str(b.get_a2()) == "A[2]"
assert str(b.a2) == "A[2]"
b.a1 = ms.A(42)
b.a2 = ms.A(43)
assert str(b.get_a1()) == "A[42]"
assert str(b.a1) == "A[42]"
assert str(b.get_a2()) == "A[43]"
assert str(b.a2) == "A[43]"
astats, bstats = ConstructorStats.get(ms.A), ConstructorStats.get(ms.B)
assert astats.alive() == 2
assert bstats.alive() == 1
del b
assert astats.alive() == 0
assert bstats.alive() == 0
assert astats.values() == ['1', '2', '42', '43']
assert bstats.values() == []
assert astats.default_constructions == 0
assert bstats.default_constructions == 1
assert astats.copy_constructions == 0
assert bstats.copy_constructions == 0
# assert astats.move_constructions >= 0 # Don't invoke any
# assert bstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Don't invoke any
assert astats.copy_assignments == 2
assert bstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert astats.move_assignments == 0
assert bstats.move_assignments == 0
def test_importing():
from pybind11_tests.modules import OD
from collections import OrderedDict
assert OD is OrderedDict
assert str(OD([(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')])) == "OrderedDict([(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')])"
def test_pydoc():
"""Pydoc needs to be able to provide help() for everything inside a pybind11 module"""
import pybind11_tests
import pydoc
assert pybind11_tests.__name__ == "pybind11_tests"
assert pybind11_tests.__doc__ == "pybind11 test module"
assert pydoc.text.docmodule(pybind11_tests)
def test_duplicate_registration():
"""Registering two things with the same name"""
assert m.duplicate_registration() == []

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/*
tests/test_multiple_inheritance.cpp -- multiple inheritance,
implicit MI casts
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
// Many bases for testing that multiple inheritance from many classes (i.e. requiring extra
// space for holder constructed flags) works.
template <int N> struct BaseN {
BaseN(int i) : i(i) { }
int i;
};
// test_mi_static_properties
struct Vanilla {
std::string vanilla() { return "Vanilla"; };
};
struct WithStatic1 {
static std::string static_func1() { return "WithStatic1"; };
static int static_value1;
};
struct WithStatic2 {
static std::string static_func2() { return "WithStatic2"; };
static int static_value2;
};
struct VanillaStaticMix1 : Vanilla, WithStatic1, WithStatic2 {
static std::string static_func() { return "VanillaStaticMix1"; }
static int static_value;
};
struct VanillaStaticMix2 : WithStatic1, Vanilla, WithStatic2 {
static std::string static_func() { return "VanillaStaticMix2"; }
static int static_value;
};
int WithStatic1::static_value1 = 1;
int WithStatic2::static_value2 = 2;
int VanillaStaticMix1::static_value = 12;
int VanillaStaticMix2::static_value = 12;
TEST_SUBMODULE(multiple_inheritance, m) {
// test_multiple_inheritance_mix1
// test_multiple_inheritance_mix2
struct Base1 {
Base1(int i) : i(i) { }
int foo() { return i; }
int i;
};
py::class_<Base1> b1(m, "Base1");
b1.def(py::init<int>())
.def("foo", &Base1::foo);
struct Base2 {
Base2(int i) : i(i) { }
int bar() { return i; }
int i;
};
py::class_<Base2> b2(m, "Base2");
b2.def(py::init<int>())
.def("bar", &Base2::bar);
// test_multiple_inheritance_cpp
struct Base12 : Base1, Base2 {
Base12(int i, int j) : Base1(i), Base2(j) { }
};
struct MIType : Base12 {
MIType(int i, int j) : Base12(i, j) { }
};
py::class_<Base12, Base1, Base2>(m, "Base12");
py::class_<MIType, Base12>(m, "MIType")
.def(py::init<int, int>());
// test_multiple_inheritance_python_many_bases
#define PYBIND11_BASEN(N) py::class_<BaseN<N>>(m, "BaseN" #N).def(py::init<int>()).def("f" #N, [](BaseN<N> &b) { return b.i + N; })
PYBIND11_BASEN( 1); PYBIND11_BASEN( 2); PYBIND11_BASEN( 3); PYBIND11_BASEN( 4);
PYBIND11_BASEN( 5); PYBIND11_BASEN( 6); PYBIND11_BASEN( 7); PYBIND11_BASEN( 8);
PYBIND11_BASEN( 9); PYBIND11_BASEN(10); PYBIND11_BASEN(11); PYBIND11_BASEN(12);
PYBIND11_BASEN(13); PYBIND11_BASEN(14); PYBIND11_BASEN(15); PYBIND11_BASEN(16);
PYBIND11_BASEN(17);
// Uncommenting this should result in a compile time failure (MI can only be specified via
// template parameters because pybind has to know the types involved; see discussion in #742 for
// details).
// struct Base12v2 : Base1, Base2 {
// Base12v2(int i, int j) : Base1(i), Base2(j) { }
// };
// py::class_<Base12v2>(m, "Base12v2", b1, b2)
// .def(py::init<int, int>());
// test_multiple_inheritance_virtbase
// Test the case where not all base classes are specified, and where pybind11 requires the
// py::multiple_inheritance flag to perform proper casting between types.
struct Base1a {
Base1a(int i) : i(i) { }
int foo() { return i; }
int i;
};
py::class_<Base1a, std::shared_ptr<Base1a>>(m, "Base1a")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("foo", &Base1a::foo);
struct Base2a {
Base2a(int i) : i(i) { }
int bar() { return i; }
int i;
};
py::class_<Base2a, std::shared_ptr<Base2a>>(m, "Base2a")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("bar", &Base2a::bar);
struct Base12a : Base1a, Base2a {
Base12a(int i, int j) : Base1a(i), Base2a(j) { }
};
py::class_<Base12a, /* Base1 missing */ Base2a,
std::shared_ptr<Base12a>>(m, "Base12a", py::multiple_inheritance())
.def(py::init<int, int>());
m.def("bar_base2a", [](Base2a *b) { return b->bar(); });
m.def("bar_base2a_sharedptr", [](std::shared_ptr<Base2a> b) { return b->bar(); });
// test_mi_unaligned_base
// test_mi_base_return
// Issue #801: invalid casting to derived type with MI bases
struct I801B1 { int a = 1; I801B1() = default; I801B1(const I801B1 &) = default; virtual ~I801B1() = default; };
struct I801B2 { int b = 2; I801B2() = default; I801B2(const I801B2 &) = default; virtual ~I801B2() = default; };
struct I801C : I801B1, I801B2 {};
struct I801D : I801C {}; // Indirect MI
// Unregistered classes:
struct I801B3 { int c = 3; virtual ~I801B3() = default; };
struct I801E : I801B3, I801D {};
py::class_<I801B1, std::shared_ptr<I801B1>>(m, "I801B1").def(py::init<>()).def_readonly("a", &I801B1::a);
py::class_<I801B2, std::shared_ptr<I801B2>>(m, "I801B2").def(py::init<>()).def_readonly("b", &I801B2::b);
py::class_<I801C, I801B1, I801B2, std::shared_ptr<I801C>>(m, "I801C").def(py::init<>());
py::class_<I801D, I801C, std::shared_ptr<I801D>>(m, "I801D").def(py::init<>());
// Two separate issues here: first, we want to recognize a pointer to a base type as being a
// known instance even when the pointer value is unequal (i.e. due to a non-first
// multiple-inheritance base class):
m.def("i801b1_c", [](I801C *c) { return static_cast<I801B1 *>(c); });
m.def("i801b2_c", [](I801C *c) { return static_cast<I801B2 *>(c); });
m.def("i801b1_d", [](I801D *d) { return static_cast<I801B1 *>(d); });
m.def("i801b2_d", [](I801D *d) { return static_cast<I801B2 *>(d); });
// Second, when returned a base class pointer to a derived instance, we cannot assume that the
// pointer is `reinterpret_cast`able to the derived pointer because, like above, the base class
// pointer could be offset.
m.def("i801c_b1", []() -> I801B1 * { return new I801C(); });
m.def("i801c_b2", []() -> I801B2 * { return new I801C(); });
m.def("i801d_b1", []() -> I801B1 * { return new I801D(); });
m.def("i801d_b2", []() -> I801B2 * { return new I801D(); });
// Return a base class pointer to a pybind-registered type when the actual derived type
// isn't pybind-registered (and uses multiple-inheritance to offset the pybind base)
m.def("i801e_c", []() -> I801C * { return new I801E(); });
m.def("i801e_b2", []() -> I801B2 * { return new I801E(); });
// test_mi_static_properties
py::class_<Vanilla>(m, "Vanilla")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("vanilla", &Vanilla::vanilla);
py::class_<WithStatic1>(m, "WithStatic1")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_static("static_func1", &WithStatic1::static_func1)
.def_readwrite_static("static_value1", &WithStatic1::static_value1);
py::class_<WithStatic2>(m, "WithStatic2")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_static("static_func2", &WithStatic2::static_func2)
.def_readwrite_static("static_value2", &WithStatic2::static_value2);
py::class_<VanillaStaticMix1, Vanilla, WithStatic1, WithStatic2>(
m, "VanillaStaticMix1")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_static("static_func", &VanillaStaticMix1::static_func)
.def_readwrite_static("static_value", &VanillaStaticMix1::static_value);
py::class_<VanillaStaticMix2, WithStatic1, Vanilla, WithStatic2>(
m, "VanillaStaticMix2")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_static("static_func", &VanillaStaticMix2::static_func)
.def_readwrite_static("static_value", &VanillaStaticMix2::static_value);
#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
struct WithDict { };
struct VanillaDictMix1 : Vanilla, WithDict { };
struct VanillaDictMix2 : WithDict, Vanilla { };
py::class_<WithDict>(m, "WithDict", py::dynamic_attr()).def(py::init<>());
py::class_<VanillaDictMix1, Vanilla, WithDict>(m, "VanillaDictMix1").def(py::init<>());
py::class_<VanillaDictMix2, WithDict, Vanilla>(m, "VanillaDictMix2").def(py::init<>());
#endif
// test_diamond_inheritance
// Issue #959: segfault when constructing diamond inheritance instance
// All of these have int members so that there will be various unequal pointers involved.
struct B { int b; B() = default; B(const B&) = default; virtual ~B() = default; };
struct C0 : public virtual B { int c0; };
struct C1 : public virtual B { int c1; };
struct D : public C0, public C1 { int d; };
py::class_<B>(m, "B")
.def("b", [](B *self) { return self; });
py::class_<C0, B>(m, "C0")
.def("c0", [](C0 *self) { return self; });
py::class_<C1, B>(m, "C1")
.def("c1", [](C1 *self) { return self; });
py::class_<D, C0, C1>(m, "D")
.def(py::init<>());
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
from pybind11_tests import multiple_inheritance as m
def test_multiple_inheritance_cpp():
mt = m.MIType(3, 4)
assert mt.foo() == 3
assert mt.bar() == 4
def test_multiple_inheritance_mix1():
class Base1:
def __init__(self, i):
self.i = i
def foo(self):
return self.i
class MITypePy(Base1, m.Base2):
def __init__(self, i, j):
Base1.__init__(self, i)
m.Base2.__init__(self, j)
mt = MITypePy(3, 4)
assert mt.foo() == 3
assert mt.bar() == 4
def test_multiple_inheritance_mix2():
class Base2:
def __init__(self, i):
self.i = i
def bar(self):
return self.i
class MITypePy(m.Base1, Base2):
def __init__(self, i, j):
m.Base1.__init__(self, i)
Base2.__init__(self, j)
mt = MITypePy(3, 4)
assert mt.foo() == 3
assert mt.bar() == 4
def test_multiple_inheritance_python():
class MI1(m.Base1, m.Base2):
def __init__(self, i, j):
m.Base1.__init__(self, i)
m.Base2.__init__(self, j)
class B1(object):
def v(self):
return 1
class MI2(B1, m.Base1, m.Base2):
def __init__(self, i, j):
B1.__init__(self)
m.Base1.__init__(self, i)
m.Base2.__init__(self, j)
class MI3(MI2):
def __init__(self, i, j):
MI2.__init__(self, i, j)
class MI4(MI3, m.Base2):
def __init__(self, i, j):
MI3.__init__(self, i, j)
# This should be ignored (Base2 is already initialized via MI2):
m.Base2.__init__(self, i + 100)
class MI5(m.Base2, B1, m.Base1):
def __init__(self, i, j):
B1.__init__(self)
m.Base1.__init__(self, i)
m.Base2.__init__(self, j)
class MI6(m.Base2, B1):
def __init__(self, i):
m.Base2.__init__(self, i)
B1.__init__(self)
class B2(B1):
def v(self):
return 2
class B3(object):
def v(self):
return 3
class B4(B3, B2):
def v(self):
return 4
class MI7(B4, MI6):
def __init__(self, i):
B4.__init__(self)
MI6.__init__(self, i)
class MI8(MI6, B3):
def __init__(self, i):
MI6.__init__(self, i)
B3.__init__(self)
class MI8b(B3, MI6):
def __init__(self, i):
B3.__init__(self)
MI6.__init__(self, i)
mi1 = MI1(1, 2)
assert mi1.foo() == 1
assert mi1.bar() == 2
mi2 = MI2(3, 4)
assert mi2.v() == 1
assert mi2.foo() == 3
assert mi2.bar() == 4
mi3 = MI3(5, 6)
assert mi3.v() == 1
assert mi3.foo() == 5
assert mi3.bar() == 6
mi4 = MI4(7, 8)
assert mi4.v() == 1
assert mi4.foo() == 7
assert mi4.bar() == 8
mi5 = MI5(10, 11)
assert mi5.v() == 1
assert mi5.foo() == 10
assert mi5.bar() == 11
mi6 = MI6(12)
assert mi6.v() == 1
assert mi6.bar() == 12
mi7 = MI7(13)
assert mi7.v() == 4
assert mi7.bar() == 13
mi8 = MI8(14)
assert mi8.v() == 1
assert mi8.bar() == 14
mi8b = MI8b(15)
assert mi8b.v() == 3
assert mi8b.bar() == 15
def test_multiple_inheritance_python_many_bases():
class MIMany14(m.BaseN1, m.BaseN2, m.BaseN3, m.BaseN4):
def __init__(self):
m.BaseN1.__init__(self, 1)
m.BaseN2.__init__(self, 2)
m.BaseN3.__init__(self, 3)
m.BaseN4.__init__(self, 4)
class MIMany58(m.BaseN5, m.BaseN6, m.BaseN7, m.BaseN8):
def __init__(self):
m.BaseN5.__init__(self, 5)
m.BaseN6.__init__(self, 6)
m.BaseN7.__init__(self, 7)
m.BaseN8.__init__(self, 8)
class MIMany916(m.BaseN9, m.BaseN10, m.BaseN11, m.BaseN12, m.BaseN13, m.BaseN14, m.BaseN15,
m.BaseN16):
def __init__(self):
m.BaseN9.__init__(self, 9)
m.BaseN10.__init__(self, 10)
m.BaseN11.__init__(self, 11)
m.BaseN12.__init__(self, 12)
m.BaseN13.__init__(self, 13)
m.BaseN14.__init__(self, 14)
m.BaseN15.__init__(self, 15)
m.BaseN16.__init__(self, 16)
class MIMany19(MIMany14, MIMany58, m.BaseN9):
def __init__(self):
MIMany14.__init__(self)
MIMany58.__init__(self)
m.BaseN9.__init__(self, 9)
class MIMany117(MIMany14, MIMany58, MIMany916, m.BaseN17):
def __init__(self):
MIMany14.__init__(self)
MIMany58.__init__(self)
MIMany916.__init__(self)
m.BaseN17.__init__(self, 17)
# Inherits from 4 registered C++ classes: can fit in one pointer on any modern arch:
a = MIMany14()
for i in range(1, 4):
assert getattr(a, "f" + str(i))() == 2 * i
# Inherits from 8: requires 1/2 pointers worth of holder flags on 32/64-bit arch:
b = MIMany916()
for i in range(9, 16):
assert getattr(b, "f" + str(i))() == 2 * i
# Inherits from 9: requires >= 2 pointers worth of holder flags
c = MIMany19()
for i in range(1, 9):
assert getattr(c, "f" + str(i))() == 2 * i
# Inherits from 17: requires >= 3 pointers worth of holder flags
d = MIMany117()
for i in range(1, 17):
assert getattr(d, "f" + str(i))() == 2 * i
def test_multiple_inheritance_virtbase():
class MITypePy(m.Base12a):
def __init__(self, i, j):
m.Base12a.__init__(self, i, j)
mt = MITypePy(3, 4)
assert mt.bar() == 4
assert m.bar_base2a(mt) == 4
assert m.bar_base2a_sharedptr(mt) == 4
def test_mi_static_properties():
"""Mixing bases with and without static properties should be possible
and the result should be independent of base definition order"""
for d in (m.VanillaStaticMix1(), m.VanillaStaticMix2()):
assert d.vanilla() == "Vanilla"
assert d.static_func1() == "WithStatic1"
assert d.static_func2() == "WithStatic2"
assert d.static_func() == d.__class__.__name__
m.WithStatic1.static_value1 = 1
m.WithStatic2.static_value2 = 2
assert d.static_value1 == 1
assert d.static_value2 == 2
assert d.static_value == 12
d.static_value1 = 0
assert d.static_value1 == 0
d.static_value2 = 0
assert d.static_value2 == 0
d.static_value = 0
assert d.static_value == 0
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_mi_dynamic_attributes():
"""Mixing bases with and without dynamic attribute support"""
for d in (m.VanillaDictMix1(), m.VanillaDictMix2()):
d.dynamic = 1
assert d.dynamic == 1
def test_mi_unaligned_base():
"""Returning an offset (non-first MI) base class pointer should recognize the instance"""
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
c = m.I801C()
d = m.I801D()
# + 4 below because we have the two instances, and each instance has offset base I801B2
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 4
b1c = m.i801b1_c(c)
assert b1c is c
b2c = m.i801b2_c(c)
assert b2c is c
b1d = m.i801b1_d(d)
assert b1d is d
b2d = m.i801b2_d(d)
assert b2d is d
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 4 # no extra instances
del c, b1c, b2c
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 2
del d, b1d, b2d
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
def test_mi_base_return():
"""Tests returning an offset (non-first MI) base class pointer to a derived instance"""
n_inst = ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst()
c1 = m.i801c_b1()
assert type(c1) is m.I801C
assert c1.a == 1
assert c1.b == 2
d1 = m.i801d_b1()
assert type(d1) is m.I801D
assert d1.a == 1
assert d1.b == 2
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 4
c2 = m.i801c_b2()
assert type(c2) is m.I801C
assert c2.a == 1
assert c2.b == 2
d2 = m.i801d_b2()
assert type(d2) is m.I801D
assert d2.a == 1
assert d2.b == 2
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 8
del c2
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst + 6
del c1, d1, d2
assert ConstructorStats.detail_reg_inst() == n_inst
# Returning an unregistered derived type with a registered base; we won't
# pick up the derived type, obviously, but should still work (as an object
# of whatever type was returned).
e1 = m.i801e_c()
assert type(e1) is m.I801C
assert e1.a == 1
assert e1.b == 2
e2 = m.i801e_b2()
assert type(e2) is m.I801B2
assert e2.b == 2
def test_diamond_inheritance():
"""Tests that diamond inheritance works as expected (issue #959)"""
# Issue #959: this shouldn't segfault:
d = m.D()
# Make sure all the various distinct pointers are all recognized as registered instances:
assert d is d.c0()
assert d is d.c1()
assert d is d.b()
assert d is d.c0().b()
assert d is d.c1().b()
assert d is d.c0().c1().b().c0().b()

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/*
tests/test_numpy_array.cpp -- test core array functionality
Copyright (c) 2016 Ivan Smirnov <i.s.smirnov@gmail.com>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include <cstdint>
using arr = py::array;
using arr_t = py::array_t<uint16_t, 0>;
static_assert(std::is_same<arr_t::value_type, uint16_t>::value, "");
template<typename... Ix> arr data(const arr& a, Ix... index) {
return arr(a.nbytes() - a.offset_at(index...), (const uint8_t *) a.data(index...));
}
template<typename... Ix> arr data_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... index) {
return arr(a.size() - a.index_at(index...), a.data(index...));
}
template<typename... Ix> arr& mutate_data(arr& a, Ix... index) {
auto ptr = (uint8_t *) a.mutable_data(index...);
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < a.nbytes() - a.offset_at(index...); i++)
ptr[i] = (uint8_t) (ptr[i] * 2);
return a;
}
template<typename... Ix> arr_t& mutate_data_t(arr_t& a, Ix... index) {
auto ptr = a.mutable_data(index...);
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < a.size() - a.index_at(index...); i++)
ptr[i]++;
return a;
}
template<typename... Ix> ssize_t index_at(const arr& a, Ix... idx) { return a.index_at(idx...); }
template<typename... Ix> ssize_t index_at_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { return a.index_at(idx...); }
template<typename... Ix> ssize_t offset_at(const arr& a, Ix... idx) { return a.offset_at(idx...); }
template<typename... Ix> ssize_t offset_at_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { return a.offset_at(idx...); }
template<typename... Ix> ssize_t at_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { return a.at(idx...); }
template<typename... Ix> arr_t& mutate_at_t(arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { a.mutable_at(idx...)++; return a; }
#define def_index_fn(name, type) \
sm.def(#name, [](type a) { return name(a); }); \
sm.def(#name, [](type a, int i) { return name(a, i); }); \
sm.def(#name, [](type a, int i, int j) { return name(a, i, j); }); \
sm.def(#name, [](type a, int i, int j, int k) { return name(a, i, j, k); });
template <typename T, typename T2> py::handle auxiliaries(T &&r, T2 &&r2) {
if (r.ndim() != 2) throw std::domain_error("error: ndim != 2");
py::list l;
l.append(*r.data(0, 0));
l.append(*r2.mutable_data(0, 0));
l.append(r.data(0, 1) == r2.mutable_data(0, 1));
l.append(r.ndim());
l.append(r.itemsize());
l.append(r.shape(0));
l.append(r.shape(1));
l.append(r.size());
l.append(r.nbytes());
return l.release();
}
// note: declaration at local scope would create a dangling reference!
static int data_i = 42;
TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
try { py::module::import("numpy"); }
catch (...) { return; }
// test_array_attributes
sm.def("ndim", [](const arr& a) { return a.ndim(); });
sm.def("shape", [](const arr& a) { return arr(a.ndim(), a.shape()); });
sm.def("shape", [](const arr& a, ssize_t dim) { return a.shape(dim); });
sm.def("strides", [](const arr& a) { return arr(a.ndim(), a.strides()); });
sm.def("strides", [](const arr& a, ssize_t dim) { return a.strides(dim); });
sm.def("writeable", [](const arr& a) { return a.writeable(); });
sm.def("size", [](const arr& a) { return a.size(); });
sm.def("itemsize", [](const arr& a) { return a.itemsize(); });
sm.def("nbytes", [](const arr& a) { return a.nbytes(); });
sm.def("owndata", [](const arr& a) { return a.owndata(); });
// test_index_offset
def_index_fn(index_at, const arr&);
def_index_fn(index_at_t, const arr_t&);
def_index_fn(offset_at, const arr&);
def_index_fn(offset_at_t, const arr_t&);
// test_data
def_index_fn(data, const arr&);
def_index_fn(data_t, const arr_t&);
// test_mutate_data, test_mutate_readonly
def_index_fn(mutate_data, arr&);
def_index_fn(mutate_data_t, arr_t&);
def_index_fn(at_t, const arr_t&);
def_index_fn(mutate_at_t, arr_t&);
// test_make_c_f_array
sm.def("make_f_array", [] { return py::array_t<float>({ 2, 2 }, { 4, 8 }); });
sm.def("make_c_array", [] { return py::array_t<float>({ 2, 2 }, { 8, 4 }); });
// test_empty_shaped_array
sm.def("make_empty_shaped_array", [] { return py::array(py::dtype("f"), {}, {}); });
// test numpy scalars (empty shape, ndim==0)
sm.def("scalar_int", []() { return py::array(py::dtype("i"), {}, {}, &data_i); });
// test_wrap
sm.def("wrap", [](py::array a) {
return py::array(
a.dtype(),
{a.shape(), a.shape() + a.ndim()},
{a.strides(), a.strides() + a.ndim()},
a.data(),
a
);
});
// test_numpy_view
struct ArrayClass {
int data[2] = { 1, 2 };
ArrayClass() { py::print("ArrayClass()"); }
~ArrayClass() { py::print("~ArrayClass()"); }
};
py::class_<ArrayClass>(sm, "ArrayClass")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("numpy_view", [](py::object &obj) {
py::print("ArrayClass::numpy_view()");
ArrayClass &a = obj.cast<ArrayClass&>();
return py::array_t<int>({2}, {4}, a.data, obj);
}
);
// test_cast_numpy_int64_to_uint64
sm.def("function_taking_uint64", [](uint64_t) { });
// test_isinstance
sm.def("isinstance_untyped", [](py::object yes, py::object no) {
return py::isinstance<py::array>(yes) && !py::isinstance<py::array>(no);
});
sm.def("isinstance_typed", [](py::object o) {
return py::isinstance<py::array_t<double>>(o) && !py::isinstance<py::array_t<int>>(o);
});
// test_constructors
sm.def("default_constructors", []() {
return py::dict(
"array"_a=py::array(),
"array_t<int32>"_a=py::array_t<std::int32_t>(),
"array_t<double>"_a=py::array_t<double>()
);
});
sm.def("converting_constructors", [](py::object o) {
return py::dict(
"array"_a=py::array(o),
"array_t<int32>"_a=py::array_t<std::int32_t>(o),
"array_t<double>"_a=py::array_t<double>(o)
);
});
// test_overload_resolution
sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; });
sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<float>) { return "float"; });
sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<int>) { return "int"; });
sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<unsigned short>) { return "unsigned short"; });
sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<long long>) { return "long long"; });
sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<std::complex<double>>) { return "double complex"; });
sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<std::complex<float>>) { return "float complex"; });
sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<std::complex<double>>) { return "double complex"; });
sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; });
sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<std::complex<float>>) { return "float complex"; });
sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<float>) { return "float"; });
// Only accept the exact types:
sm.def("overloaded3", [](py::array_t<int>) { return "int"; }, py::arg().noconvert());
sm.def("overloaded3", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; }, py::arg().noconvert());
// Make sure we don't do unsafe coercion (e.g. float to int) when not using forcecast, but
// rather that float gets converted via the safe (conversion to double) overload:
sm.def("overloaded4", [](py::array_t<long long, 0>) { return "long long"; });
sm.def("overloaded4", [](py::array_t<double, 0>) { return "double"; });
// But we do allow conversion to int if forcecast is enabled (but only if no overload matches
// without conversion)
sm.def("overloaded5", [](py::array_t<unsigned int>) { return "unsigned int"; });
sm.def("overloaded5", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; });
// test_greedy_string_overload
// Issue 685: ndarray shouldn't go to std::string overload
sm.def("issue685", [](std::string) { return "string"; });
sm.def("issue685", [](py::array) { return "array"; });
sm.def("issue685", [](py::object) { return "other"; });
// test_array_unchecked_fixed_dims
sm.def("proxy_add2", [](py::array_t<double> a, double v) {
auto r = a.mutable_unchecked<2>();
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
for (ssize_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
r(i, j) += v;
}, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg());
sm.def("proxy_init3", [](double start) {
py::array_t<double, py::array::c_style> a({ 3, 3, 3 });
auto r = a.mutable_unchecked<3>();
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
for (ssize_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
for (ssize_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
r(i, j, k) = start++;
return a;
});
sm.def("proxy_init3F", [](double start) {
py::array_t<double, py::array::f_style> a({ 3, 3, 3 });
auto r = a.mutable_unchecked<3>();
for (ssize_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
for (ssize_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
r(i, j, k) = start++;
return a;
});
sm.def("proxy_squared_L2_norm", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
auto r = a.unchecked<1>();
double sumsq = 0;
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
sumsq += r[i] * r(i); // Either notation works for a 1D array
return sumsq;
});
sm.def("proxy_auxiliaries2", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
auto r = a.unchecked<2>();
auto r2 = a.mutable_unchecked<2>();
return auxiliaries(r, r2);
});
// test_array_unchecked_dyn_dims
// Same as the above, but without a compile-time dimensions specification:
sm.def("proxy_add2_dyn", [](py::array_t<double> a, double v) {
auto r = a.mutable_unchecked();
if (r.ndim() != 2) throw std::domain_error("error: ndim != 2");
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
for (ssize_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
r(i, j) += v;
}, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg());
sm.def("proxy_init3_dyn", [](double start) {
py::array_t<double, py::array::c_style> a({ 3, 3, 3 });
auto r = a.mutable_unchecked();
if (r.ndim() != 3) throw std::domain_error("error: ndim != 3");
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
for (ssize_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
for (ssize_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
r(i, j, k) = start++;
return a;
});
sm.def("proxy_auxiliaries2_dyn", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
return auxiliaries(a.unchecked(), a.mutable_unchecked());
});
sm.def("array_auxiliaries2", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
return auxiliaries(a, a);
});
// test_array_failures
// Issue #785: Uninformative "Unknown internal error" exception when constructing array from empty object:
sm.def("array_fail_test", []() { return py::array(py::object()); });
sm.def("array_t_fail_test", []() { return py::array_t<double>(py::object()); });
// Make sure the error from numpy is being passed through:
sm.def("array_fail_test_negative_size", []() { int c = 0; return py::array(-1, &c); });
// test_initializer_list
// Issue (unnumbered; reported in #788): regression: initializer lists can be ambiguous
sm.def("array_initializer_list1", []() { return py::array_t<float>(1); }); // { 1 } also works, but clang warns about it
sm.def("array_initializer_list2", []() { return py::array_t<float>({ 1, 2 }); });
sm.def("array_initializer_list3", []() { return py::array_t<float>({ 1, 2, 3 }); });
sm.def("array_initializer_list4", []() { return py::array_t<float>({ 1, 2, 3, 4 }); });
// test_array_resize
// reshape array to 2D without changing size
sm.def("array_reshape2", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
const ssize_t dim_sz = (ssize_t)std::sqrt(a.size());
if (dim_sz * dim_sz != a.size())
throw std::domain_error("array_reshape2: input array total size is not a squared integer");
a.resize({dim_sz, dim_sz});
});
// resize to 3D array with each dimension = N
sm.def("array_resize3", [](py::array_t<double> a, size_t N, bool refcheck) {
a.resize({N, N, N}, refcheck);
});
// test_array_create_and_resize
// return 2D array with Nrows = Ncols = N
sm.def("create_and_resize", [](size_t N) {
py::array_t<double> a;
a.resize({N, N});
std::fill(a.mutable_data(), a.mutable_data() + a.size(), 42.);
return a;
});
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
sm.def("index_using_ellipsis", [](py::array a) {
return a[py::make_tuple(0, py::ellipsis(), 0)];
});
#endif
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import numpy_array as m
pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
import numpy as np
@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
def arr():
return np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], '=u2')
def test_array_attributes():
a = np.array(0, 'f8')
assert m.ndim(a) == 0
assert all(m.shape(a) == [])
assert all(m.strides(a) == [])
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
m.shape(a, 0)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 0 (ndim = 0)'
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
m.strides(a, 0)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 0 (ndim = 0)'
assert m.writeable(a)
assert m.size(a) == 1
assert m.itemsize(a) == 8
assert m.nbytes(a) == 8
assert m.owndata(a)
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], 'u2').view()
a.flags.writeable = False
assert m.ndim(a) == 2
assert all(m.shape(a) == [2, 3])
assert m.shape(a, 0) == 2
assert m.shape(a, 1) == 3
assert all(m.strides(a) == [6, 2])
assert m.strides(a, 0) == 6
assert m.strides(a, 1) == 2
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
m.shape(a, 2)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 2 (ndim = 2)'
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
m.strides(a, 2)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 2 (ndim = 2)'
assert not m.writeable(a)
assert m.size(a) == 6
assert m.itemsize(a) == 2
assert m.nbytes(a) == 12
assert not m.owndata(a)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('args, ret', [([], 0), ([0], 0), ([1], 3), ([0, 1], 1), ([1, 2], 5)])
def test_index_offset(arr, args, ret):
assert m.index_at(arr, *args) == ret
assert m.index_at_t(arr, *args) == ret
assert m.offset_at(arr, *args) == ret * arr.dtype.itemsize
assert m.offset_at_t(arr, *args) == ret * arr.dtype.itemsize
def test_dim_check_fail(arr):
for func in (m.index_at, m.index_at_t, m.offset_at, m.offset_at_t, m.data, m.data_t,
m.mutate_data, m.mutate_data_t):
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
func(arr, 1, 2, 3)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'too many indices for an array: 3 (ndim = 2)'
@pytest.mark.parametrize('args, ret',
[([], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
([1], [4, 5, 6]),
([0, 1], [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
([1, 2], [6])])
def test_data(arr, args, ret):
from sys import byteorder
assert all(m.data_t(arr, *args) == ret)
assert all(m.data(arr, *args)[(0 if byteorder == 'little' else 1)::2] == ret)
assert all(m.data(arr, *args)[(1 if byteorder == 'little' else 0)::2] == 0)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('dim', [0, 1, 3])
def test_at_fail(arr, dim):
for func in m.at_t, m.mutate_at_t:
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
func(arr, *([0] * dim))
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'index dimension mismatch: {} (ndim = 2)'.format(dim)
def test_at(arr):
assert m.at_t(arr, 0, 2) == 3
assert m.at_t(arr, 1, 0) == 4
assert all(m.mutate_at_t(arr, 0, 2).ravel() == [1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6])
assert all(m.mutate_at_t(arr, 1, 0).ravel() == [1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6])
def test_mutate_readonly(arr):
arr.flags.writeable = False
for func, args in (m.mutate_data, ()), (m.mutate_data_t, ()), (m.mutate_at_t, (0, 0)):
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
func(arr, *args)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'array is not writeable'
def test_mutate_data(arr):
assert all(m.mutate_data(arr).ravel() == [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12])
assert all(m.mutate_data(arr).ravel() == [4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24])
assert all(m.mutate_data(arr, 1).ravel() == [4, 8, 12, 32, 40, 48])
assert all(m.mutate_data(arr, 0, 1).ravel() == [4, 16, 24, 64, 80, 96])
assert all(m.mutate_data(arr, 1, 2).ravel() == [4, 16, 24, 64, 80, 192])
assert all(m.mutate_data_t(arr).ravel() == [5, 17, 25, 65, 81, 193])
assert all(m.mutate_data_t(arr).ravel() == [6, 18, 26, 66, 82, 194])
assert all(m.mutate_data_t(arr, 1).ravel() == [6, 18, 26, 67, 83, 195])
assert all(m.mutate_data_t(arr, 0, 1).ravel() == [6, 19, 27, 68, 84, 196])
assert all(m.mutate_data_t(arr, 1, 2).ravel() == [6, 19, 27, 68, 84, 197])
def test_bounds_check(arr):
for func in (m.index_at, m.index_at_t, m.data, m.data_t,
m.mutate_data, m.mutate_data_t, m.at_t, m.mutate_at_t):
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
func(arr, 2, 0)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'index 2 is out of bounds for axis 0 with size 2'
with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
func(arr, 0, 4)
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'index 4 is out of bounds for axis 1 with size 3'
def test_make_c_f_array():
assert m.make_c_array().flags.c_contiguous
assert not m.make_c_array().flags.f_contiguous
assert m.make_f_array().flags.f_contiguous
assert not m.make_f_array().flags.c_contiguous
def test_make_empty_shaped_array():
m.make_empty_shaped_array()
# empty shape means numpy scalar, PEP 3118
assert m.scalar_int().ndim == 0
assert m.scalar_int().shape == ()
assert m.scalar_int() == 42
def test_wrap():
def assert_references(a, b, base=None):
from distutils.version import LooseVersion
if base is None:
base = a
assert a is not b
assert a.__array_interface__['data'][0] == b.__array_interface__['data'][0]
assert a.shape == b.shape
assert a.strides == b.strides
assert a.flags.c_contiguous == b.flags.c_contiguous
assert a.flags.f_contiguous == b.flags.f_contiguous
assert a.flags.writeable == b.flags.writeable
assert a.flags.aligned == b.flags.aligned
if LooseVersion(np.__version__) >= LooseVersion("1.14.0"):
assert a.flags.writebackifcopy == b.flags.writebackifcopy
else:
assert a.flags.updateifcopy == b.flags.updateifcopy
assert np.all(a == b)
assert not b.flags.owndata
assert b.base is base
if a.flags.writeable and a.ndim == 2:
a[0, 0] = 1234
assert b[0, 0] == 1234
a1 = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int16)
assert a1.flags.owndata and a1.base is None
a2 = m.wrap(a1)
assert_references(a1, a2)
a1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=np.float32, order='F')
assert a1.flags.owndata and a1.base is None
a2 = m.wrap(a1)
assert_references(a1, a2)
a1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=np.float32, order='C')
a1.flags.writeable = False
a2 = m.wrap(a1)
assert_references(a1, a2)
a1 = np.random.random((4, 4, 4))
a2 = m.wrap(a1)
assert_references(a1, a2)
a1t = a1.transpose()
a2 = m.wrap(a1t)
assert_references(a1t, a2, a1)
a1d = a1.diagonal()
a2 = m.wrap(a1d)
assert_references(a1d, a2, a1)
a1m = a1[::-1, ::-1, ::-1]
a2 = m.wrap(a1m)
assert_references(a1m, a2, a1)
def test_numpy_view(capture):
with capture:
ac = m.ArrayClass()
ac_view_1 = ac.numpy_view()
ac_view_2 = ac.numpy_view()
assert np.all(ac_view_1 == np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int32))
del ac
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == """
ArrayClass()
ArrayClass::numpy_view()
ArrayClass::numpy_view()
"""
ac_view_1[0] = 4
ac_view_1[1] = 3
assert ac_view_2[0] == 4
assert ac_view_2[1] == 3
with capture:
del ac_view_1
del ac_view_2
pytest.gc_collect()
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == """
~ArrayClass()
"""
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_cast_numpy_int64_to_uint64():
m.function_taking_uint64(123)
m.function_taking_uint64(np.uint64(123))
def test_isinstance():
assert m.isinstance_untyped(np.array([1, 2, 3]), "not an array")
assert m.isinstance_typed(np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
def test_constructors():
defaults = m.default_constructors()
for a in defaults.values():
assert a.size == 0
assert defaults["array"].dtype == np.array([]).dtype
assert defaults["array_t<int32>"].dtype == np.int32
assert defaults["array_t<double>"].dtype == np.float64
results = m.converting_constructors([1, 2, 3])
for a in results.values():
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a, [1, 2, 3])
assert results["array"].dtype == np.int_
assert results["array_t<int32>"].dtype == np.int32
assert results["array_t<double>"].dtype == np.float64
def test_overload_resolution(msg):
# Exact overload matches:
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='float64')) == 'double'
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'float'
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='ushort')) == 'unsigned short'
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='intc')) == 'int'
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='longlong')) == 'long long'
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='complex')) == 'double complex'
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='csingle')) == 'float complex'
# No exact match, should call first convertible version:
assert m.overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='uint8')) == 'double'
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.overloaded("not an array")
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
overloaded(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float64]) -> str
2. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32]) -> str
3. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[int32]) -> str
4. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[uint16]) -> str
5. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[int64]) -> str
6. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[complex128]) -> str
7. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[complex64]) -> str
Invoked with: 'not an array'
"""
assert m.overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='float64')) == 'double'
assert m.overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'float'
assert m.overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='complex64')) == 'float complex'
assert m.overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='complex128')) == 'double complex'
assert m.overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'float'
assert m.overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='float64')) == 'double'
assert m.overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='intc')) == 'int'
expected_exc = """
overloaded3(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[int32]) -> str
2. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float64]) -> str
Invoked with: """
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='uintc'))
assert msg(excinfo.value) == expected_exc + repr(np.array([1], dtype='uint32'))
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='float32'))
assert msg(excinfo.value) == expected_exc + repr(np.array([1.], dtype='float32'))
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='complex'))
assert msg(excinfo.value) == expected_exc + repr(np.array([1. + 0.j]))
# Exact matches:
assert m.overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='double')) == 'double'
assert m.overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='longlong')) == 'long long'
# Non-exact matches requiring conversion. Since float to integer isn't a
# save conversion, it should go to the double overload, but short can go to
# either (and so should end up on the first-registered, the long long).
assert m.overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'double'
assert m.overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='short')) == 'long long'
assert m.overloaded5(np.array([1], dtype='double')) == 'double'
assert m.overloaded5(np.array([1], dtype='uintc')) == 'unsigned int'
assert m.overloaded5(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'unsigned int'
def test_greedy_string_overload():
"""Tests fix for #685 - ndarray shouldn't go to std::string overload"""
assert m.issue685("abc") == "string"
assert m.issue685(np.array([97, 98, 99], dtype='b')) == "array"
assert m.issue685(123) == "other"
def test_array_unchecked_fixed_dims(msg):
z1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float64')
m.proxy_add2(z1, 10)
assert np.all(z1 == [[11, 12], [13, 14]])
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.proxy_add2(np.array([1., 2, 3]), 5.0)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == "array has incorrect number of dimensions: 1; expected 2"
expect_c = np.ndarray(shape=(3, 3, 3), buffer=np.array(range(3, 30)), dtype='int')
assert np.all(m.proxy_init3(3.0) == expect_c)
expect_f = np.transpose(expect_c)
assert np.all(m.proxy_init3F(3.0) == expect_f)
assert m.proxy_squared_L2_norm(np.array(range(6))) == 55
assert m.proxy_squared_L2_norm(np.array(range(6), dtype="float64")) == 55
assert m.proxy_auxiliaries2(z1) == [11, 11, True, 2, 8, 2, 2, 4, 32]
assert m.proxy_auxiliaries2(z1) == m.array_auxiliaries2(z1)
def test_array_unchecked_dyn_dims(msg):
z1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float64')
m.proxy_add2_dyn(z1, 10)
assert np.all(z1 == [[11, 12], [13, 14]])
expect_c = np.ndarray(shape=(3, 3, 3), buffer=np.array(range(3, 30)), dtype='int')
assert np.all(m.proxy_init3_dyn(3.0) == expect_c)
assert m.proxy_auxiliaries2_dyn(z1) == [11, 11, True, 2, 8, 2, 2, 4, 32]
assert m.proxy_auxiliaries2_dyn(z1) == m.array_auxiliaries2(z1)
def test_array_failure():
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.array_fail_test()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'cannot create a pybind11::array from a nullptr'
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.array_t_fail_test()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'cannot create a pybind11::array_t from a nullptr'
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
m.array_fail_test_negative_size()
assert str(excinfo.value) == 'negative dimensions are not allowed'
def test_initializer_list():
assert m.array_initializer_list1().shape == (1,)
assert m.array_initializer_list2().shape == (1, 2)
assert m.array_initializer_list3().shape == (1, 2, 3)
assert m.array_initializer_list4().shape == (1, 2, 3, 4)
def test_array_resize(msg):
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='float64')
m.array_reshape2(a)
assert(a.size == 9)
assert(np.all(a == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
# total size change should succced with refcheck off
m.array_resize3(a, 4, False)
assert(a.size == 64)
# ... and fail with refcheck on
try:
m.array_resize3(a, 3, True)
except ValueError as e:
assert(str(e).startswith("cannot resize an array"))
# transposed array doesn't own data
b = a.transpose()
try:
m.array_resize3(b, 3, False)
except ValueError as e:
assert(str(e).startswith("cannot resize this array: it does not own its data"))
# ... but reshape should be fine
m.array_reshape2(b)
assert(b.shape == (8, 8))
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_array_create_and_resize(msg):
a = m.create_and_resize(2)
assert(a.size == 4)
assert(np.all(a == 42.))
@pytest.unsupported_on_py2
def test_index_using_ellipsis():
a = m.index_using_ellipsis(np.zeros((5, 6, 7)))
assert a.shape == (6,)

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/*
tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp -- Structured and compound NumPy dtypes
Copyright (c) 2016 Ivan Smirnov
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
#ifdef __GNUC__
#define PYBIND11_PACKED(cls) cls __attribute__((__packed__))
#else
#define PYBIND11_PACKED(cls) __pragma(pack(push, 1)) cls __pragma(pack(pop))
#endif
namespace py = pybind11;
struct SimpleStruct {
bool bool_;
uint32_t uint_;
float float_;
long double ldbl_;
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const SimpleStruct& v) {
return os << "s:" << v.bool_ << "," << v.uint_ << "," << v.float_ << "," << v.ldbl_;
}
PYBIND11_PACKED(struct PackedStruct {
bool bool_;
uint32_t uint_;
float float_;
long double ldbl_;
});
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const PackedStruct& v) {
return os << "p:" << v.bool_ << "," << v.uint_ << "," << v.float_ << "," << v.ldbl_;
}
PYBIND11_PACKED(struct NestedStruct {
SimpleStruct a;
PackedStruct b;
});
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const NestedStruct& v) {
return os << "n:a=" << v.a << ";b=" << v.b;
}
struct PartialStruct {
bool bool_;
uint32_t uint_;
float float_;
uint64_t dummy2;
long double ldbl_;
};
struct PartialNestedStruct {
uint64_t dummy1;
PartialStruct a;
uint64_t dummy2;
};
struct UnboundStruct { };
struct StringStruct {
char a[3];
std::array<char, 3> b;
};
struct ComplexStruct {
std::complex<float> cflt;
std::complex<double> cdbl;
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ComplexStruct& v) {
return os << "c:" << v.cflt << "," << v.cdbl;
}
struct ArrayStruct {
char a[3][4];
int32_t b[2];
std::array<uint8_t, 3> c;
std::array<float, 2> d[4];
};
PYBIND11_PACKED(struct StructWithUglyNames {
int8_t __x__;
uint64_t __y__;
});
enum class E1 : int64_t { A = -1, B = 1 };
enum E2 : uint8_t { X = 1, Y = 2 };
PYBIND11_PACKED(struct EnumStruct {
E1 e1;
E2 e2;
});
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StringStruct& v) {
os << "a='";
for (size_t i = 0; i < 3 && v.a[i]; i++) os << v.a[i];
os << "',b='";
for (size_t i = 0; i < 3 && v.b[i]; i++) os << v.b[i];
return os << "'";
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ArrayStruct& v) {
os << "a={";
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
if (i > 0)
os << ',';
os << '{';
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
os << v.a[i][j] << ',';
os << v.a[i][3] << '}';
}
os << "},b={" << v.b[0] << ',' << v.b[1];
os << "},c={" << int(v.c[0]) << ',' << int(v.c[1]) << ',' << int(v.c[2]);
os << "},d={";
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
if (i > 0)
os << ',';
os << '{' << v.d[i][0] << ',' << v.d[i][1] << '}';
}
return os << '}';
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const EnumStruct& v) {
return os << "e1=" << (v.e1 == E1::A ? "A" : "B") << ",e2=" << (v.e2 == E2::X ? "X" : "Y");
}
template <typename T>
py::array mkarray_via_buffer(size_t n) {
return py::array(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(T),
py::format_descriptor<T>::format(),
1, { n }, { sizeof(T) }));
}
#define SET_TEST_VALS(s, i) do { \
s.bool_ = (i) % 2 != 0; \
s.uint_ = (uint32_t) (i); \
s.float_ = (float) (i) * 1.5f; \
s.ldbl_ = (long double) (i) * -2.5L; } while (0)
template <typename S>
py::array_t<S, 0> create_recarray(size_t n) {
auto arr = mkarray_via_buffer<S>(n);
auto req = arr.request();
auto ptr = static_cast<S*>(req.ptr);
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i], i);
}
return arr;
}
template <typename S>
py::list print_recarray(py::array_t<S, 0> arr) {
const auto req = arr.request();
const auto ptr = static_cast<S*>(req.ptr);
auto l = py::list();
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < req.size; i++) {
std::stringstream ss;
ss << ptr[i];
l.append(py::str(ss.str()));
}
return l;
}
py::array_t<int32_t, 0> test_array_ctors(int i) {
using arr_t = py::array_t<int32_t, 0>;
std::vector<int32_t> data { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
std::vector<ssize_t> shape { 3, 2 };
std::vector<ssize_t> strides { 8, 4 };
auto ptr = data.data();
auto vptr = (void *) ptr;
auto dtype = py::dtype("int32");
py::buffer_info buf_ndim1(vptr, 4, "i", 6);
py::buffer_info buf_ndim1_null(nullptr, 4, "i", 6);
py::buffer_info buf_ndim2(vptr, 4, "i", 2, shape, strides);
py::buffer_info buf_ndim2_null(nullptr, 4, "i", 2, shape, strides);
auto fill = [](py::array arr) {
auto req = arr.request();
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) ((int32_t *) req.ptr)[i] = i + 1;
return arr;
};
switch (i) {
// shape: (3, 2)
case 10: return arr_t(shape, strides, ptr);
case 11: return py::array(shape, strides, ptr);
case 12: return py::array(dtype, shape, strides, vptr);
case 13: return arr_t(shape, ptr);
case 14: return py::array(shape, ptr);
case 15: return py::array(dtype, shape, vptr);
case 16: return arr_t(buf_ndim2);
case 17: return py::array(buf_ndim2);
// shape: (3, 2) - post-fill
case 20: return fill(arr_t(shape, strides));
case 21: return py::array(shape, strides, ptr); // can't have nullptr due to templated ctor
case 22: return fill(py::array(dtype, shape, strides));
case 23: return fill(arr_t(shape));
case 24: return py::array(shape, ptr); // can't have nullptr due to templated ctor
case 25: return fill(py::array(dtype, shape));
case 26: return fill(arr_t(buf_ndim2_null));
case 27: return fill(py::array(buf_ndim2_null));
// shape: (6, )
case 30: return arr_t(6, ptr);
case 31: return py::array(6, ptr);
case 32: return py::array(dtype, 6, vptr);
case 33: return arr_t(buf_ndim1);
case 34: return py::array(buf_ndim1);
// shape: (6, )
case 40: return fill(arr_t(6));
case 41: return py::array(6, ptr); // can't have nullptr due to templated ctor
case 42: return fill(py::array(dtype, 6));
case 43: return fill(arr_t(buf_ndim1_null));
case 44: return fill(py::array(buf_ndim1_null));
}
return arr_t();
}
py::list test_dtype_ctors() {
py::list list;
list.append(py::dtype("int32"));
list.append(py::dtype(std::string("float64")));
list.append(py::dtype::from_args(py::str("bool")));
py::list names, offsets, formats;
py::dict dict;
names.append(py::str("a")); names.append(py::str("b")); dict["names"] = names;
offsets.append(py::int_(1)); offsets.append(py::int_(10)); dict["offsets"] = offsets;
formats.append(py::dtype("int32")); formats.append(py::dtype("float64")); dict["formats"] = formats;
dict["itemsize"] = py::int_(20);
list.append(py::dtype::from_args(dict));
list.append(py::dtype(names, formats, offsets, 20));
list.append(py::dtype(py::buffer_info((void *) 0, sizeof(unsigned int), "I", 1)));
list.append(py::dtype(py::buffer_info((void *) 0, 0, "T{i:a:f:b:}", 1)));
return list;
}
struct A {};
struct B {};
TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_dtypes, m) {
try { py::module::import("numpy"); }
catch (...) { return; }
// typeinfo may be registered before the dtype descriptor for scalar casts to work...
py::class_<SimpleStruct>(m, "SimpleStruct");
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(SimpleStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(PackedStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(NestedStruct, a, b);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(PartialStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(PartialNestedStruct, a);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(StringStruct, a, b);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(ArrayStruct, a, b, c, d);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(EnumStruct, e1, e2);
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(ComplexStruct, cflt, cdbl);
// ... or after
py::class_<PackedStruct>(m, "PackedStruct");
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE_EX(StructWithUglyNames, __x__, "x", __y__, "y");
// If uncommented, this should produce a static_assert failure telling the user that the struct
// is not a POD type
// struct NotPOD { std::string v; NotPOD() : v("hi") {}; };
// PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(NotPOD, v);
// Check that dtypes can be registered programmatically, both from
// initializer lists of field descriptors and from other containers.
py::detail::npy_format_descriptor<A>::register_dtype(
{}
);
py::detail::npy_format_descriptor<B>::register_dtype(
std::vector<py::detail::field_descriptor>{}
);
// test_recarray, test_scalar_conversion
m.def("create_rec_simple", &create_recarray<SimpleStruct>);
m.def("create_rec_packed", &create_recarray<PackedStruct>);
m.def("create_rec_nested", [](size_t n) { // test_signature
py::array_t<NestedStruct, 0> arr = mkarray_via_buffer<NestedStruct>(n);
auto req = arr.request();
auto ptr = static_cast<NestedStruct*>(req.ptr);
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i].a, i);
SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i].b, i + 1);
}
return arr;
});
m.def("create_rec_partial", &create_recarray<PartialStruct>);
m.def("create_rec_partial_nested", [](size_t n) {
py::array_t<PartialNestedStruct, 0> arr = mkarray_via_buffer<PartialNestedStruct>(n);
auto req = arr.request();
auto ptr = static_cast<PartialNestedStruct*>(req.ptr);
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i].a, i);
}
return arr;
});
m.def("print_rec_simple", &print_recarray<SimpleStruct>);
m.def("print_rec_packed", &print_recarray<PackedStruct>);
m.def("print_rec_nested", &print_recarray<NestedStruct>);
// test_format_descriptors
m.def("get_format_unbound", []() { return py::format_descriptor<UnboundStruct>::format(); });
m.def("print_format_descriptors", []() {
py::list l;
for (const auto &fmt : {
py::format_descriptor<SimpleStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<PackedStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<NestedStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<PartialStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<PartialNestedStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<StringStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<ArrayStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<EnumStruct>::format(),
py::format_descriptor<ComplexStruct>::format()
}) {
l.append(py::cast(fmt));
}
return l;
});
// test_dtype
m.def("print_dtypes", []() {
py::list l;
for (const py::handle &d : {
py::dtype::of<SimpleStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<PackedStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<NestedStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<PartialStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<PartialNestedStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<StringStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<ArrayStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<EnumStruct>(),
py::dtype::of<StructWithUglyNames>(),
py::dtype::of<ComplexStruct>()
})
l.append(py::str(d));
return l;
});
m.def("test_dtype_ctors", &test_dtype_ctors);
m.def("test_dtype_methods", []() {
py::list list;
auto dt1 = py::dtype::of<int32_t>();
auto dt2 = py::dtype::of<SimpleStruct>();
list.append(dt1); list.append(dt2);
list.append(py::bool_(dt1.has_fields())); list.append(py::bool_(dt2.has_fields()));
list.append(py::int_(dt1.itemsize())); list.append(py::int_(dt2.itemsize()));
return list;
});
struct TrailingPaddingStruct {
int32_t a;
char b;
};
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(TrailingPaddingStruct, a, b);
m.def("trailing_padding_dtype", []() { return py::dtype::of<TrailingPaddingStruct>(); });
// test_string_array
m.def("create_string_array", [](bool non_empty) {
py::array_t<StringStruct, 0> arr = mkarray_via_buffer<StringStruct>(non_empty ? 4 : 0);
if (non_empty) {
auto req = arr.request();
auto ptr = static_cast<StringStruct*>(req.ptr);
for (ssize_t i = 0; i < req.size * req.itemsize; i++)
static_cast<char*>(req.ptr)[i] = 0;
ptr[1].a[0] = 'a'; ptr[1].b[0] = 'a';
ptr[2].a[0] = 'a'; ptr[2].b[0] = 'a';
ptr[3].a[0] = 'a'; ptr[3].b[0] = 'a';
ptr[2].a[1] = 'b'; ptr[2].b[1] = 'b';
ptr[3].a[1] = 'b'; ptr[3].b[1] = 'b';
ptr[3].a[2] = 'c'; ptr[3].b[2] = 'c';
}
return arr;
});
m.def("print_string_array", &print_recarray<StringStruct>);
// test_array_array
m.def("create_array_array", [](size_t n) {
py::array_t<ArrayStruct, 0> arr = mkarray_via_buffer<ArrayStruct>(n);
auto ptr = (ArrayStruct *) arr.mutable_data();
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; j++)
for (size_t k = 0; k < 4; k++)
ptr[i].a[j][k] = char('A' + (i * 100 + j * 10 + k) % 26);
for (size_t j = 0; j < 2; j++)
ptr[i].b[j] = int32_t(i * 1000 + j);
for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; j++)
ptr[i].c[j] = uint8_t(i * 10 + j);
for (size_t j = 0; j < 4; j++)
for (size_t k = 0; k < 2; k++)
ptr[i].d[j][k] = float(i) * 100.0f + float(j) * 10.0f + float(k);
}
return arr;
});
m.def("print_array_array", &print_recarray<ArrayStruct>);
// test_enum_array
m.def("create_enum_array", [](size_t n) {
py::array_t<EnumStruct, 0> arr = mkarray_via_buffer<EnumStruct>(n);
auto ptr = (EnumStruct *) arr.mutable_data();
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
ptr[i].e1 = static_cast<E1>(-1 + ((int) i % 2) * 2);
ptr[i].e2 = static_cast<E2>(1 + (i % 2));
}
return arr;
});
m.def("print_enum_array", &print_recarray<EnumStruct>);
// test_complex_array
m.def("create_complex_array", [](size_t n) {
py::array_t<ComplexStruct, 0> arr = mkarray_via_buffer<ComplexStruct>(n);
auto ptr = (ComplexStruct *) arr.mutable_data();
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
ptr[i].cflt.real(float(i));
ptr[i].cflt.imag(float(i) + 0.25f);
ptr[i].cdbl.real(double(i) + 0.5);
ptr[i].cdbl.imag(double(i) + 0.75);
}
return arr;
});
m.def("print_complex_array", &print_recarray<ComplexStruct>);
// test_array_constructors
m.def("test_array_ctors", &test_array_ctors);
// test_compare_buffer_info
struct CompareStruct {
bool x;
uint32_t y;
float z;
};
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(CompareStruct, x, y, z);
m.def("compare_buffer_info", []() {
py::list list;
list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<float>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(float), "f", 1))));
list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<unsigned>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(int), "I", 1))));
list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<long>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(long), "l", 1))));
list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<long>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(long), sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) ? "i" : "q", 1))));
list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<CompareStruct>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(CompareStruct), "T{?:x:3xI:y:f:z:}", 1))));
return list;
});
m.def("buffer_to_dtype", [](py::buffer& buf) { return py::dtype(buf.request()); });
// test_scalar_conversion
m.def("f_simple", [](SimpleStruct s) { return s.uint_ * 10; });
m.def("f_packed", [](PackedStruct s) { return s.uint_ * 10; });
m.def("f_nested", [](NestedStruct s) { return s.a.uint_ * 10; });
// test_register_dtype
m.def("register_dtype", []() { PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(SimpleStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_); });
// test_str_leak
m.def("dtype_wrapper", [](py::object d) { return py::dtype::from_args(std::move(d)); });
}

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import re
import pytest
from pybind11_tests import numpy_dtypes as m
pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
import numpy as np
@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
def simple_dtype():
ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
return np.dtype({'names': ['bool_', 'uint_', 'float_', 'ldbl_'],
'formats': ['?', 'u4', 'f4', 'f{}'.format(ld.itemsize)],
'offsets': [0, 4, 8, (16 if ld.alignment > 4 else 12)]})
@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
def packed_dtype():
return np.dtype([('bool_', '?'), ('uint_', 'u4'), ('float_', 'f4'), ('ldbl_', 'g')])
def dt_fmt():
from sys import byteorder
e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
return ("{{'names':['bool_','uint_','float_','ldbl_'],"
" 'formats':['?','" + e + "u4','" + e + "f4','" + e + "f{}'],"
" 'offsets':[0,4,8,{}], 'itemsize':{}}}")
def simple_dtype_fmt():
ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
simple_ld_off = 12 + 4 * (ld.alignment > 4)
return dt_fmt().format(ld.itemsize, simple_ld_off, simple_ld_off + ld.itemsize)
def packed_dtype_fmt():
from sys import byteorder
return "[('bool_', '?'), ('uint_', '{e}u4'), ('float_', '{e}f4'), ('ldbl_', '{e}f{}')]".format(
np.dtype('longdouble').itemsize, e='<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>')
def partial_ld_offset():
return 12 + 4 * (np.dtype('uint64').alignment > 4) + 8 + 8 * (
np.dtype('longdouble').alignment > 8)
def partial_dtype_fmt():
ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
partial_ld_off = partial_ld_offset()
return dt_fmt().format(ld.itemsize, partial_ld_off, partial_ld_off + ld.itemsize)
def partial_nested_fmt():
ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
partial_nested_off = 8 + 8 * (ld.alignment > 8)
partial_ld_off = partial_ld_offset()
partial_nested_size = partial_nested_off * 2 + partial_ld_off + ld.itemsize
return "{{'names':['a'], 'formats':[{}], 'offsets':[{}], 'itemsize':{}}}".format(
partial_dtype_fmt(), partial_nested_off, partial_nested_size)
def assert_equal(actual, expected_data, expected_dtype):
np.testing.assert_equal(actual, np.array(expected_data, dtype=expected_dtype))
def test_format_descriptors():
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.get_format_unbound()
assert re.match('^NumPy type info missing for .*UnboundStruct.*$', str(excinfo.value))
ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
ldbl_fmt = ('4x' if ld.alignment > 4 else '') + ld.char
ss_fmt = "^T{?:bool_:3xI:uint_:f:float_:" + ldbl_fmt + ":ldbl_:}"
dbl = np.dtype('double')
partial_fmt = ("^T{?:bool_:3xI:uint_:f:float_:" +
str(4 * (dbl.alignment > 4) + dbl.itemsize + 8 * (ld.alignment > 8)) +
"xg:ldbl_:}")
nested_extra = str(max(8, ld.alignment))
assert m.print_format_descriptors() == [
ss_fmt,
"^T{?:bool_:I:uint_:f:float_:g:ldbl_:}",
"^T{" + ss_fmt + ":a:^T{?:bool_:I:uint_:f:float_:g:ldbl_:}:b:}",
partial_fmt,
"^T{" + nested_extra + "x" + partial_fmt + ":a:" + nested_extra + "x}",
"^T{3s:a:3s:b:}",
"^T{(3)4s:a:(2)i:b:(3)B:c:1x(4, 2)f:d:}",
'^T{q:e1:B:e2:}',
'^T{Zf:cflt:Zd:cdbl:}'
]
def test_dtype(simple_dtype):
from sys import byteorder
e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
assert m.print_dtypes() == [
simple_dtype_fmt(),
packed_dtype_fmt(),
"[('a', {}), ('b', {})]".format(simple_dtype_fmt(), packed_dtype_fmt()),
partial_dtype_fmt(),
partial_nested_fmt(),
"[('a', 'S3'), ('b', 'S3')]",
("{{'names':['a','b','c','d'], " +
"'formats':[('S4', (3,)),('" + e + "i4', (2,)),('u1', (3,)),('" + e + "f4', (4, 2))], " +
"'offsets':[0,12,20,24], 'itemsize':56}}").format(e=e),
"[('e1', '" + e + "i8'), ('e2', 'u1')]",
"[('x', 'i1'), ('y', '" + e + "u8')]",
"[('cflt', '" + e + "c8'), ('cdbl', '" + e + "c16')]"
]
d1 = np.dtype({'names': ['a', 'b'], 'formats': ['int32', 'float64'],
'offsets': [1, 10], 'itemsize': 20})
d2 = np.dtype([('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'f4')])
assert m.test_dtype_ctors() == [np.dtype('int32'), np.dtype('float64'),
np.dtype('bool'), d1, d1, np.dtype('uint32'), d2]
assert m.test_dtype_methods() == [np.dtype('int32'), simple_dtype, False, True,
np.dtype('int32').itemsize, simple_dtype.itemsize]
assert m.trailing_padding_dtype() == m.buffer_to_dtype(np.zeros(1, m.trailing_padding_dtype()))
def test_recarray(simple_dtype, packed_dtype):
elements = [(False, 0, 0.0, -0.0), (True, 1, 1.5, -2.5), (False, 2, 3.0, -5.0)]
for func, dtype in [(m.create_rec_simple, simple_dtype), (m.create_rec_packed, packed_dtype)]:
arr = func(0)
assert arr.dtype == dtype
assert_equal(arr, [], simple_dtype)
assert_equal(arr, [], packed_dtype)
arr = func(3)
assert arr.dtype == dtype
assert_equal(arr, elements, simple_dtype)
assert_equal(arr, elements, packed_dtype)
if dtype == simple_dtype:
assert m.print_rec_simple(arr) == [
"s:0,0,0,-0",
"s:1,1,1.5,-2.5",
"s:0,2,3,-5"
]
else:
assert m.print_rec_packed(arr) == [
"p:0,0,0,-0",
"p:1,1,1.5,-2.5",
"p:0,2,3,-5"
]
nested_dtype = np.dtype([('a', simple_dtype), ('b', packed_dtype)])
arr = m.create_rec_nested(0)
assert arr.dtype == nested_dtype
assert_equal(arr, [], nested_dtype)
arr = m.create_rec_nested(3)
assert arr.dtype == nested_dtype
assert_equal(arr, [((False, 0, 0.0, -0.0), (True, 1, 1.5, -2.5)),
((True, 1, 1.5, -2.5), (False, 2, 3.0, -5.0)),
((False, 2, 3.0, -5.0), (True, 3, 4.5, -7.5))], nested_dtype)
assert m.print_rec_nested(arr) == [
"n:a=s:0,0,0,-0;b=p:1,1,1.5,-2.5",
"n:a=s:1,1,1.5,-2.5;b=p:0,2,3,-5",
"n:a=s:0,2,3,-5;b=p:1,3,4.5,-7.5"
]
arr = m.create_rec_partial(3)
assert str(arr.dtype) == partial_dtype_fmt()
partial_dtype = arr.dtype
assert '' not in arr.dtype.fields
assert partial_dtype.itemsize > simple_dtype.itemsize
assert_equal(arr, elements, simple_dtype)
assert_equal(arr, elements, packed_dtype)
arr = m.create_rec_partial_nested(3)
assert str(arr.dtype) == partial_nested_fmt()
assert '' not in arr.dtype.fields
assert '' not in arr.dtype.fields['a'][0].fields
assert arr.dtype.itemsize > partial_dtype.itemsize
np.testing.assert_equal(arr['a'], m.create_rec_partial(3))
def test_array_constructors():
data = np.arange(1, 7, dtype='int32')
for i in range(8):
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.test_array_ctors(10 + i), data.reshape((3, 2)))
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.test_array_ctors(20 + i), data.reshape((3, 2)))
for i in range(5):
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.test_array_ctors(30 + i), data)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(m.test_array_ctors(40 + i), data)
def test_string_array():
arr = m.create_string_array(True)
assert str(arr.dtype) == "[('a', 'S3'), ('b', 'S3')]"
assert m.print_string_array(arr) == [
"a='',b=''",
"a='a',b='a'",
"a='ab',b='ab'",
"a='abc',b='abc'"
]
dtype = arr.dtype
assert arr['a'].tolist() == [b'', b'a', b'ab', b'abc']
assert arr['b'].tolist() == [b'', b'a', b'ab', b'abc']
arr = m.create_string_array(False)
assert dtype == arr.dtype
def test_array_array():
from sys import byteorder
e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
arr = m.create_array_array(3)
assert str(arr.dtype) == (
"{{'names':['a','b','c','d'], " +
"'formats':[('S4', (3,)),('" + e + "i4', (2,)),('u1', (3,)),('{e}f4', (4, 2))], " +
"'offsets':[0,12,20,24], 'itemsize':56}}").format(e=e)
assert m.print_array_array(arr) == [
"a={{A,B,C,D},{K,L,M,N},{U,V,W,X}},b={0,1}," +
"c={0,1,2},d={{0,1},{10,11},{20,21},{30,31}}",
"a={{W,X,Y,Z},{G,H,I,J},{Q,R,S,T}},b={1000,1001}," +
"c={10,11,12},d={{100,101},{110,111},{120,121},{130,131}}",
"a={{S,T,U,V},{C,D,E,F},{M,N,O,P}},b={2000,2001}," +
"c={20,21,22},d={{200,201},{210,211},{220,221},{230,231}}",
]
assert arr['a'].tolist() == [[b'ABCD', b'KLMN', b'UVWX'],
[b'WXYZ', b'GHIJ', b'QRST'],
[b'STUV', b'CDEF', b'MNOP']]
assert arr['b'].tolist() == [[0, 1], [1000, 1001], [2000, 2001]]
assert m.create_array_array(0).dtype == arr.dtype
def test_enum_array():
from sys import byteorder
e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
arr = m.create_enum_array(3)
dtype = arr.dtype
assert dtype == np.dtype([('e1', e + 'i8'), ('e2', 'u1')])
assert m.print_enum_array(arr) == [
"e1=A,e2=X",
"e1=B,e2=Y",
"e1=A,e2=X"
]
assert arr['e1'].tolist() == [-1, 1, -1]
assert arr['e2'].tolist() == [1, 2, 1]
assert m.create_enum_array(0).dtype == dtype
def test_complex_array():
from sys import byteorder
e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
arr = m.create_complex_array(3)
dtype = arr.dtype
assert dtype == np.dtype([('cflt', e + 'c8'), ('cdbl', e + 'c16')])
assert m.print_complex_array(arr) == [
"c:(0,0.25),(0.5,0.75)",
"c:(1,1.25),(1.5,1.75)",
"c:(2,2.25),(2.5,2.75)"
]
assert arr['cflt'].tolist() == [0.0 + 0.25j, 1.0 + 1.25j, 2.0 + 2.25j]
assert arr['cdbl'].tolist() == [0.5 + 0.75j, 1.5 + 1.75j, 2.5 + 2.75j]
assert m.create_complex_array(0).dtype == dtype
def test_signature(doc):
assert doc(m.create_rec_nested) == \
"create_rec_nested(arg0: int) -> numpy.ndarray[NestedStruct]"
def test_scalar_conversion():
n = 3
arrays = [m.create_rec_simple(n), m.create_rec_packed(n),
m.create_rec_nested(n), m.create_enum_array(n)]
funcs = [m.f_simple, m.f_packed, m.f_nested]
for i, func in enumerate(funcs):
for j, arr in enumerate(arrays):
if i == j and i < 2:
assert [func(arr[k]) for k in range(n)] == [k * 10 for k in range(n)]
else:
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
func(arr[0])
assert 'incompatible function arguments' in str(excinfo.value)
def test_register_dtype():
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.register_dtype()
assert 'dtype is already registered' in str(excinfo.value)
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_str_leak():
from sys import getrefcount
fmt = "f4"
pytest.gc_collect()
start = getrefcount(fmt)
d = m.dtype_wrapper(fmt)
assert d is np.dtype("f4")
del d
pytest.gc_collect()
assert getrefcount(fmt) == start
def test_compare_buffer_info():
assert all(m.compare_buffer_info())

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/*
tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp -- auto-vectorize functions over NumPy array
arguments
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
double my_func(int x, float y, double z) {
py::print("my_func(x:int={}, y:float={:.0f}, z:float={:.0f})"_s.format(x, y, z));
return (float) x*y*z;
}
TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_vectorize, m) {
try { py::module::import("numpy"); }
catch (...) { return; }
// test_vectorize, test_docs, test_array_collapse
// Vectorize all arguments of a function (though non-vector arguments are also allowed)
m.def("vectorized_func", py::vectorize(my_func));
// Vectorize a lambda function with a capture object (e.g. to exclude some arguments from the vectorization)
m.def("vectorized_func2",
[](py::array_t<int> x, py::array_t<float> y, float z) {
return py::vectorize([z](int x, float y) { return my_func(x, y, z); })(x, y);
}
);
// Vectorize a complex-valued function
m.def("vectorized_func3", py::vectorize(
[](std::complex<double> c) { return c * std::complex<double>(2.f); }
));
// test_type_selection
// Numpy function which only accepts specific data types
m.def("selective_func", [](py::array_t<int, py::array::c_style>) { return "Int branch taken."; });
m.def("selective_func", [](py::array_t<float, py::array::c_style>) { return "Float branch taken."; });
m.def("selective_func", [](py::array_t<std::complex<float>, py::array::c_style>) { return "Complex float branch taken."; });
// test_passthrough_arguments
// Passthrough test: references and non-pod types should be automatically passed through (in the
// function definition below, only `b`, `d`, and `g` are vectorized):
struct NonPODClass {
NonPODClass(int v) : value{v} {}
int value;
};
py::class_<NonPODClass>(m, "NonPODClass").def(py::init<int>());
m.def("vec_passthrough", py::vectorize(
[](double *a, double b, py::array_t<double> c, const int &d, int &e, NonPODClass f, const double g) {
return *a + b + c.at(0) + d + e + f.value + g;
}
));
// test_method_vectorization
struct VectorizeTestClass {
VectorizeTestClass(int v) : value{v} {};
float method(int x, float y) { return y + (float) (x + value); }
int value = 0;
};
py::class_<VectorizeTestClass> vtc(m, "VectorizeTestClass");
vtc .def(py::init<int>())
.def_readwrite("value", &VectorizeTestClass::value);
// Automatic vectorizing of methods
vtc.def("method", py::vectorize(&VectorizeTestClass::method));
// test_trivial_broadcasting
// Internal optimization test for whether the input is trivially broadcastable:
py::enum_<py::detail::broadcast_trivial>(m, "trivial")
.value("f_trivial", py::detail::broadcast_trivial::f_trivial)
.value("c_trivial", py::detail::broadcast_trivial::c_trivial)
.value("non_trivial", py::detail::broadcast_trivial::non_trivial);
m.def("vectorized_is_trivial", [](
py::array_t<int, py::array::forcecast> arg1,
py::array_t<float, py::array::forcecast> arg2,
py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast> arg3
) {
ssize_t ndim;
std::vector<ssize_t> shape;
std::array<py::buffer_info, 3> buffers {{ arg1.request(), arg2.request(), arg3.request() }};
return py::detail::broadcast(buffers, ndim, shape);
});
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import numpy_vectorize as m
pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
import numpy as np
def test_vectorize(capture):
assert np.isclose(m.vectorized_func3(np.array(3 + 7j)), [6 + 14j])
for f in [m.vectorized_func, m.vectorized_func2]:
with capture:
assert np.isclose(f(1, 2, 3), 6)
assert capture == "my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)"
with capture:
assert np.isclose(f(np.array(1), np.array(2), 3), 6)
assert capture == "my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)"
with capture:
assert np.allclose(f(np.array([1, 3]), np.array([2, 4]), 3), [6, 36])
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=4, z:float=3)
"""
with capture:
a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order='F')
b = np.array([[10, 20], [30, 40]], order='F')
c = 3
result = f(a, b, c)
assert np.allclose(result, a * b * c)
assert result.flags.f_contiguous
# All inputs are F order and full or singletons, so we the result is in col-major order:
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=10, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=30, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=2, y:float=20, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=4, y:float=40, z:float=3)
"""
with capture:
a, b, c = np.array([[1, 3, 5], [7, 9, 11]]), np.array([[2, 4, 6], [8, 10, 12]]), 3
assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=4, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=5, y:float=6, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=7, y:float=8, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=9, y:float=10, z:float=3)
my_func(x:int=11, y:float=12, z:float=3)
"""
with capture:
a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([2, 3, 4]), 2
assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=2, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=4, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=4, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=5, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=6, y:float=4, z:float=2)
"""
with capture:
a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=2, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=5, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
"""
with capture:
a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='F'), np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=2, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=5, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
"""
with capture:
a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])[::, ::2], np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
"""
with capture:
a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='F')[::, ::2], np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
assert capture == """
my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
"""
def test_type_selection():
assert m.selective_func(np.array([1], dtype=np.int32)) == "Int branch taken."
assert m.selective_func(np.array([1.0], dtype=np.float32)) == "Float branch taken."
assert m.selective_func(np.array([1.0j], dtype=np.complex64)) == "Complex float branch taken."
def test_docs(doc):
assert doc(m.vectorized_func) == """
vectorized_func(arg0: numpy.ndarray[int32], arg1: numpy.ndarray[float32], arg2: numpy.ndarray[float64]) -> object
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
def test_trivial_broadcasting():
trivial, vectorized_is_trivial = m.trivial, m.vectorized_is_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 2, 3) == trivial.c_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(np.array(1), np.array(2), 3) == trivial.c_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(np.array([1, 3]), np.array([2, 4]), 3) == trivial.c_trivial
assert trivial.c_trivial == vectorized_is_trivial(
np.array([[1, 3, 5], [7, 9, 11]]), np.array([[2, 4, 6], [8, 10, 12]]), 3)
assert vectorized_is_trivial(
np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([2, 3, 4]), 2) == trivial.non_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(
np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([[2], [3]]), 2) == trivial.non_trivial
z1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]], dtype='int32')
z2 = np.array(z1, dtype='float32')
z3 = np.array(z1, dtype='float64')
assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, z2, z3) == trivial.c_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, z2, z3) == trivial.c_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, 1, z3) == trivial.c_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, z2, 1) == trivial.c_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1[::2, ::2], 1, 1) == trivial.non_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 1, z1[::2, ::2]) == trivial.c_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 1, z3[::2, ::2]) == trivial.non_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, 1, z3[1::4, 1::4]) == trivial.c_trivial
y1 = np.array(z1, order='F')
y2 = np.array(y1)
y3 = np.array(y1)
assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1, y2, y3) == trivial.f_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1, 1, 1) == trivial.f_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, y2, 1) == trivial.f_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 1, y3) == trivial.f_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1, z2, 1) == trivial.non_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1[1::4, 1::4], y2, 1) == trivial.f_trivial
assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1[1::4, 1::4], z2, 1) == trivial.c_trivial
assert m.vectorized_func(z1, z2, z3).flags.c_contiguous
assert m.vectorized_func(y1, y2, y3).flags.f_contiguous
assert m.vectorized_func(z1, 1, 1).flags.c_contiguous
assert m.vectorized_func(1, y2, 1).flags.f_contiguous
assert m.vectorized_func(z1[1::4, 1::4], y2, 1).flags.f_contiguous
assert m.vectorized_func(y1[1::4, 1::4], z2, 1).flags.c_contiguous
def test_passthrough_arguments(doc):
assert doc(m.vec_passthrough) == (
"vec_passthrough(" + ", ".join([
"arg0: float",
"arg1: numpy.ndarray[float64]",
"arg2: numpy.ndarray[float64]",
"arg3: numpy.ndarray[int32]",
"arg4: int",
"arg5: m.numpy_vectorize.NonPODClass",
"arg6: numpy.ndarray[float64]"]) + ") -> object")
b = np.array([[10, 20, 30]], dtype='float64')
c = np.array([100, 200]) # NOT a vectorized argument
d = np.array([[1000], [2000], [3000]], dtype='int')
g = np.array([[1000000, 2000000, 3000000]], dtype='int') # requires casting
assert np.all(
m.vec_passthrough(1, b, c, d, 10000, m.NonPODClass(100000), g) ==
np.array([[1111111, 2111121, 3111131],
[1112111, 2112121, 3112131],
[1113111, 2113121, 3113131]]))
def test_method_vectorization():
o = m.VectorizeTestClass(3)
x = np.array([1, 2], dtype='int')
y = np.array([[10], [20]], dtype='float32')
assert np.all(o.method(x, y) == [[14, 15], [24, 25]])
def test_array_collapse():
assert not isinstance(m.vectorized_func(1, 2, 3), np.ndarray)
assert not isinstance(m.vectorized_func(np.array(1), 2, 3), np.ndarray)
z = m.vectorized_func([1], 2, 3)
assert isinstance(z, np.ndarray)
assert z.shape == (1, )
z = m.vectorized_func(1, [[[2]]], 3)
assert isinstance(z, np.ndarray)
assert z.shape == (1, 1, 1)

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/*
tests/test_opaque_types.cpp -- opaque types, passing void pointers
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include <vector>
// IMPORTANT: Disable internal pybind11 translation mechanisms for STL data structures
//
// This also deliberately doesn't use the below StringList type alias to test
// that MAKE_OPAQUE can handle a type containing a `,`. (The `std::allocator`
// bit is just the default `std::vector` allocator).
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(std::vector<std::string, std::allocator<std::string>>);
using StringList = std::vector<std::string, std::allocator<std::string>>;
TEST_SUBMODULE(opaque_types, m) {
// test_string_list
py::class_<StringList>(m, "StringList")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("pop_back", &StringList::pop_back)
/* There are multiple versions of push_back(), etc. Select the right ones. */
.def("push_back", (void (StringList::*)(const std::string &)) &StringList::push_back)
.def("back", (std::string &(StringList::*)()) &StringList::back)
.def("__len__", [](const StringList &v) { return v.size(); })
.def("__iter__", [](StringList &v) {
return py::make_iterator(v.begin(), v.end());
}, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
class ClassWithSTLVecProperty {
public:
StringList stringList;
};
py::class_<ClassWithSTLVecProperty>(m, "ClassWithSTLVecProperty")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readwrite("stringList", &ClassWithSTLVecProperty::stringList);
m.def("print_opaque_list", [](const StringList &l) {
std::string ret = "Opaque list: [";
bool first = true;
for (auto entry : l) {
if (!first)
ret += ", ";
ret += entry;
first = false;
}
return ret + "]";
});
// test_pointers
m.def("return_void_ptr", []() { return (void *) 0x1234; });
m.def("get_void_ptr_value", [](void *ptr) { return reinterpret_cast<std::intptr_t>(ptr); });
m.def("return_null_str", []() { return (char *) nullptr; });
m.def("get_null_str_value", [](char *ptr) { return reinterpret_cast<std::intptr_t>(ptr); });
m.def("return_unique_ptr", []() -> std::unique_ptr<StringList> {
StringList *result = new StringList();
result->push_back("some value");
return std::unique_ptr<StringList>(result);
});
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import opaque_types as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats, UserType
def test_string_list():
lst = m.StringList()
lst.push_back("Element 1")
lst.push_back("Element 2")
assert m.print_opaque_list(lst) == "Opaque list: [Element 1, Element 2]"
assert lst.back() == "Element 2"
for i, k in enumerate(lst, start=1):
assert k == "Element {}".format(i)
lst.pop_back()
assert m.print_opaque_list(lst) == "Opaque list: [Element 1]"
cvp = m.ClassWithSTLVecProperty()
assert m.print_opaque_list(cvp.stringList) == "Opaque list: []"
cvp.stringList = lst
cvp.stringList.push_back("Element 3")
assert m.print_opaque_list(cvp.stringList) == "Opaque list: [Element 1, Element 3]"
def test_pointers(msg):
living_before = ConstructorStats.get(UserType).alive()
assert m.get_void_ptr_value(m.return_void_ptr()) == 0x1234
assert m.get_void_ptr_value(UserType()) # Should also work for other C++ types
assert ConstructorStats.get(UserType).alive() == living_before
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.get_void_ptr_value([1, 2, 3]) # This should not work
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
get_void_ptr_value(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (arg0: capsule) -> int
Invoked with: [1, 2, 3]
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert m.return_null_str() is None
assert m.get_null_str_value(m.return_null_str()) is not None
ptr = m.return_unique_ptr()
assert "StringList" in repr(ptr)
assert m.print_opaque_list(ptr) == "Opaque list: [some value]"

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/*
tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp -- operator overloading
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/operators.h>
#include <functional>
class Vector2 {
public:
Vector2(float x, float y) : x(x), y(y) { print_created(this, toString()); }
Vector2(const Vector2 &v) : x(v.x), y(v.y) { print_copy_created(this); }
Vector2(Vector2 &&v) : x(v.x), y(v.y) { print_move_created(this); v.x = v.y = 0; }
Vector2 &operator=(const Vector2 &v) { x = v.x; y = v.y; print_copy_assigned(this); return *this; }
Vector2 &operator=(Vector2 &&v) { x = v.x; y = v.y; v.x = v.y = 0; print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }
~Vector2() { print_destroyed(this); }
std::string toString() const { return "[" + std::to_string(x) + ", " + std::to_string(y) + "]"; }
Vector2 operator+(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x + v.x, y + v.y); }
Vector2 operator-(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x - v.x, y - v.y); }
Vector2 operator-(float value) const { return Vector2(x - value, y - value); }
Vector2 operator+(float value) const { return Vector2(x + value, y + value); }
Vector2 operator*(float value) const { return Vector2(x * value, y * value); }
Vector2 operator/(float value) const { return Vector2(x / value, y / value); }
Vector2 operator*(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x * v.x, y * v.y); }
Vector2 operator/(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x / v.x, y / v.y); }
Vector2& operator+=(const Vector2 &v) { x += v.x; y += v.y; return *this; }
Vector2& operator-=(const Vector2 &v) { x -= v.x; y -= v.y; return *this; }
Vector2& operator*=(float v) { x *= v; y *= v; return *this; }
Vector2& operator/=(float v) { x /= v; y /= v; return *this; }
Vector2& operator*=(const Vector2 &v) { x *= v.x; y *= v.y; return *this; }
Vector2& operator/=(const Vector2 &v) { x /= v.x; y /= v.y; return *this; }
friend Vector2 operator+(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f + v.x, f + v.y); }
friend Vector2 operator-(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f - v.x, f - v.y); }
friend Vector2 operator*(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f * v.x, f * v.y); }
friend Vector2 operator/(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f / v.x, f / v.y); }
private:
float x, y;
};
class C1 { };
class C2 { };
int operator+(const C1 &, const C1 &) { return 11; }
int operator+(const C2 &, const C2 &) { return 22; }
int operator+(const C2 &, const C1 &) { return 21; }
int operator+(const C1 &, const C2 &) { return 12; }
namespace std {
template<>
struct hash<Vector2> {
// Not a good hash function, but easy to test
size_t operator()(const Vector2 &) { return 4; }
};
}
// MSVC warns about unknown pragmas, and warnings are errors.
#ifndef _MSC_VER
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
// clang 7.0.0 and Apple LLVM 10.0.1 introduce `-Wself-assign-overloaded` to
// `-Wall`, which is used here for overloading (e.g. `py::self += py::self `).
// Here, we suppress the warning using `#pragma diagnostic`.
// Taken from: https://github.com/RobotLocomotion/drake/commit/aaf84b46
// TODO(eric): This could be resolved using a function / functor (e.g. `py::self()`).
#if (__APPLE__) && (__clang__)
#if (__clang_major__ >= 10) && (__clang_minor__ >= 0) && (__clang_patchlevel__ >= 1)
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wself-assign-overloaded"
#endif
#elif (__clang__)
#if (__clang_major__ >= 7)
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wself-assign-overloaded"
#endif
#endif
#endif
TEST_SUBMODULE(operators, m) {
// test_operator_overloading
py::class_<Vector2>(m, "Vector2")
.def(py::init<float, float>())
.def(py::self + py::self)
.def(py::self + float())
.def(py::self - py::self)
.def(py::self - float())
.def(py::self * float())
.def(py::self / float())
.def(py::self * py::self)
.def(py::self / py::self)
.def(py::self += py::self)
.def(py::self -= py::self)
.def(py::self *= float())
.def(py::self /= float())
.def(py::self *= py::self)
.def(py::self /= py::self)
.def(float() + py::self)
.def(float() - py::self)
.def(float() * py::self)
.def(float() / py::self)
.def("__str__", &Vector2::toString)
.def(hash(py::self))
;
m.attr("Vector") = m.attr("Vector2");
// test_operators_notimplemented
// #393: need to return NotSupported to ensure correct arithmetic operator behavior
py::class_<C1>(m, "C1")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::self + py::self);
py::class_<C2>(m, "C2")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::self + py::self)
.def("__add__", [](const C2& c2, const C1& c1) { return c2 + c1; })
.def("__radd__", [](const C2& c2, const C1& c1) { return c1 + c2; });
// test_nested
// #328: first member in a class can't be used in operators
struct NestABase { int value = -2; };
py::class_<NestABase>(m, "NestABase")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readwrite("value", &NestABase::value);
struct NestA : NestABase {
int value = 3;
NestA& operator+=(int i) { value += i; return *this; }
};
py::class_<NestA>(m, "NestA")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::self += int())
.def("as_base", [](NestA &a) -> NestABase& {
return (NestABase&) a;
}, py::return_value_policy::reference_internal);
m.def("get_NestA", [](const NestA &a) { return a.value; });
struct NestB {
NestA a;
int value = 4;
NestB& operator-=(int i) { value -= i; return *this; }
};
py::class_<NestB>(m, "NestB")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::self -= int())
.def_readwrite("a", &NestB::a);
m.def("get_NestB", [](const NestB &b) { return b.value; });
struct NestC {
NestB b;
int value = 5;
NestC& operator*=(int i) { value *= i; return *this; }
};
py::class_<NestC>(m, "NestC")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::self *= int())
.def_readwrite("b", &NestC::b);
m.def("get_NestC", [](const NestC &c) { return c.value; });
}
#ifndef _MSC_VER
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import operators as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_operator_overloading():
v1 = m.Vector2(1, 2)
v2 = m.Vector(3, -1)
assert str(v1) == "[1.000000, 2.000000]"
assert str(v2) == "[3.000000, -1.000000]"
assert str(v1 + v2) == "[4.000000, 1.000000]"
assert str(v1 - v2) == "[-2.000000, 3.000000]"
assert str(v1 - 8) == "[-7.000000, -6.000000]"
assert str(v1 + 8) == "[9.000000, 10.000000]"
assert str(v1 * 8) == "[8.000000, 16.000000]"
assert str(v1 / 8) == "[0.125000, 0.250000]"
assert str(8 - v1) == "[7.000000, 6.000000]"
assert str(8 + v1) == "[9.000000, 10.000000]"
assert str(8 * v1) == "[8.000000, 16.000000]"
assert str(8 / v1) == "[8.000000, 4.000000]"
assert str(v1 * v2) == "[3.000000, -2.000000]"
assert str(v2 / v1) == "[3.000000, -0.500000]"
v1 += 2 * v2
assert str(v1) == "[7.000000, 0.000000]"
v1 -= v2
assert str(v1) == "[4.000000, 1.000000]"
v1 *= 2
assert str(v1) == "[8.000000, 2.000000]"
v1 /= 16
assert str(v1) == "[0.500000, 0.125000]"
v1 *= v2
assert str(v1) == "[1.500000, -0.125000]"
v2 /= v1
assert str(v2) == "[2.000000, 8.000000]"
assert hash(v1) == 4
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.Vector2)
assert cstats.alive() == 2
del v1
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del v2
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ['[1.000000, 2.000000]', '[3.000000, -1.000000]',
'[4.000000, 1.000000]', '[-2.000000, 3.000000]',
'[-7.000000, -6.000000]', '[9.000000, 10.000000]',
'[8.000000, 16.000000]', '[0.125000, 0.250000]',
'[7.000000, 6.000000]', '[9.000000, 10.000000]',
'[8.000000, 16.000000]', '[8.000000, 4.000000]',
'[3.000000, -2.000000]', '[3.000000, -0.500000]',
'[6.000000, -2.000000]']
assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
assert cstats.move_constructions >= 10
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
def test_operators_notimplemented():
"""#393: need to return NotSupported to ensure correct arithmetic operator behavior"""
c1, c2 = m.C1(), m.C2()
assert c1 + c1 == 11
assert c2 + c2 == 22
assert c2 + c1 == 21
assert c1 + c2 == 12
def test_nested():
"""#328: first member in a class can't be used in operators"""
a = m.NestA()
b = m.NestB()
c = m.NestC()
a += 10
assert m.get_NestA(a) == 13
b.a += 100
assert m.get_NestA(b.a) == 103
c.b.a += 1000
assert m.get_NestA(c.b.a) == 1003
b -= 1
assert m.get_NestB(b) == 3
c.b -= 3
assert m.get_NestB(c.b) == 1
c *= 7
assert m.get_NestC(c) == 35
abase = a.as_base()
assert abase.value == -2
a.as_base().value += 44
assert abase.value == 42
assert c.b.a.as_base().value == -2
c.b.a.as_base().value += 44
assert c.b.a.as_base().value == 42
del c
pytest.gc_collect()
del a # Shouldn't delete while abase is still alive
pytest.gc_collect()
assert abase.value == 42
del abase, b
pytest.gc_collect()

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/*
tests/test_pickling.cpp -- pickle support
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(pickling, m) {
// test_roundtrip
class Pickleable {
public:
Pickleable(const std::string &value) : m_value(value) { }
const std::string &value() const { return m_value; }
void setExtra1(int extra1) { m_extra1 = extra1; }
void setExtra2(int extra2) { m_extra2 = extra2; }
int extra1() const { return m_extra1; }
int extra2() const { return m_extra2; }
private:
std::string m_value;
int m_extra1 = 0;
int m_extra2 = 0;
};
class PickleableNew : public Pickleable {
public:
using Pickleable::Pickleable;
};
py::class_<Pickleable>(m, "Pickleable")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def("value", &Pickleable::value)
.def("extra1", &Pickleable::extra1)
.def("extra2", &Pickleable::extra2)
.def("setExtra1", &Pickleable::setExtra1)
.def("setExtra2", &Pickleable::setExtra2)
// For details on the methods below, refer to
// http://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances
.def("__getstate__", [](const Pickleable &p) {
/* Return a tuple that fully encodes the state of the object */
return py::make_tuple(p.value(), p.extra1(), p.extra2());
})
.def("__setstate__", [](Pickleable &p, py::tuple t) {
if (t.size() != 3)
throw std::runtime_error("Invalid state!");
/* Invoke the constructor (need to use in-place version) */
new (&p) Pickleable(t[0].cast<std::string>());
/* Assign any additional state */
p.setExtra1(t[1].cast<int>());
p.setExtra2(t[2].cast<int>());
});
py::class_<PickleableNew, Pickleable>(m, "PickleableNew")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def(py::pickle(
[](const PickleableNew &p) {
return py::make_tuple(p.value(), p.extra1(), p.extra2());
},
[](py::tuple t) {
if (t.size() != 3)
throw std::runtime_error("Invalid state!");
auto p = PickleableNew(t[0].cast<std::string>());
p.setExtra1(t[1].cast<int>());
p.setExtra2(t[2].cast<int>());
return p;
}
));
#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
// test_roundtrip_with_dict
class PickleableWithDict {
public:
PickleableWithDict(const std::string &value) : value(value) { }
std::string value;
int extra;
};
class PickleableWithDictNew : public PickleableWithDict {
public:
using PickleableWithDict::PickleableWithDict;
};
py::class_<PickleableWithDict>(m, "PickleableWithDict", py::dynamic_attr())
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def_readwrite("value", &PickleableWithDict::value)
.def_readwrite("extra", &PickleableWithDict::extra)
.def("__getstate__", [](py::object self) {
/* Also include __dict__ in state */
return py::make_tuple(self.attr("value"), self.attr("extra"), self.attr("__dict__"));
})
.def("__setstate__", [](py::object self, py::tuple t) {
if (t.size() != 3)
throw std::runtime_error("Invalid state!");
/* Cast and construct */
auto& p = self.cast<PickleableWithDict&>();
new (&p) PickleableWithDict(t[0].cast<std::string>());
/* Assign C++ state */
p.extra = t[1].cast<int>();
/* Assign Python state */
self.attr("__dict__") = t[2];
});
py::class_<PickleableWithDictNew, PickleableWithDict>(m, "PickleableWithDictNew")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def(py::pickle(
[](py::object self) {
return py::make_tuple(self.attr("value"), self.attr("extra"), self.attr("__dict__"));
},
[](const py::tuple &t) {
if (t.size() != 3)
throw std::runtime_error("Invalid state!");
auto cpp_state = PickleableWithDictNew(t[0].cast<std::string>());
cpp_state.extra = t[1].cast<int>();
auto py_state = t[2].cast<py::dict>();
return std::make_pair(cpp_state, py_state);
}
));
#endif
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import pickling as m
try:
import cPickle as pickle # Use cPickle on Python 2.7
except ImportError:
import pickle
@pytest.mark.parametrize("cls_name", ["Pickleable", "PickleableNew"])
def test_roundtrip(cls_name):
cls = getattr(m, cls_name)
p = cls("test_value")
p.setExtra1(15)
p.setExtra2(48)
data = pickle.dumps(p, 2) # Must use pickle protocol >= 2
p2 = pickle.loads(data)
assert p2.value() == p.value()
assert p2.extra1() == p.extra1()
assert p2.extra2() == p.extra2()
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
@pytest.mark.parametrize("cls_name", ["PickleableWithDict", "PickleableWithDictNew"])
def test_roundtrip_with_dict(cls_name):
cls = getattr(m, cls_name)
p = cls("test_value")
p.extra = 15
p.dynamic = "Attribute"
data = pickle.dumps(p, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
p2 = pickle.loads(data)
assert p2.value == p.value
assert p2.extra == p.extra
assert p2.dynamic == p.dynamic
def test_enum_pickle():
from pybind11_tests import enums as e
data = pickle.dumps(e.EOne, 2)
assert e.EOne == pickle.loads(data)

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/*
tests/test_pytypes.cpp -- Python type casters
Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(pytypes, m) {
// test_list
m.def("get_list", []() {
py::list list;
list.append("value");
py::print("Entry at position 0:", list[0]);
list[0] = py::str("overwritten");
return list;
});
m.def("print_list", [](py::list list) {
int index = 0;
for (auto item : list)
py::print("list item {}: {}"_s.format(index++, item));
});
// test_set
m.def("get_set", []() {
py::set set;
set.add(py::str("key1"));
set.add("key2");
set.add(std::string("key3"));
return set;
});
m.def("print_set", [](py::set set) {
for (auto item : set)
py::print("key:", item);
});
// test_dict
m.def("get_dict", []() { return py::dict("key"_a="value"); });
m.def("print_dict", [](py::dict dict) {
for (auto item : dict)
py::print("key: {}, value={}"_s.format(item.first, item.second));
});
m.def("dict_keyword_constructor", []() {
auto d1 = py::dict("x"_a=1, "y"_a=2);
auto d2 = py::dict("z"_a=3, **d1);
return d2;
});
// test_str
m.def("str_from_string", []() { return py::str(std::string("baz")); });
m.def("str_from_bytes", []() { return py::str(py::bytes("boo", 3)); });
m.def("str_from_object", [](const py::object& obj) { return py::str(obj); });
m.def("repr_from_object", [](const py::object& obj) { return py::repr(obj); });
m.def("str_format", []() {
auto s1 = "{} + {} = {}"_s.format(1, 2, 3);
auto s2 = "{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a=1, "b"_a=2, "c"_a=3);
return py::make_tuple(s1, s2);
});
// test_bytes
m.def("bytes_from_string", []() { return py::bytes(std::string("foo")); });
m.def("bytes_from_str", []() { return py::bytes(py::str("bar", 3)); });
// test_capsule
m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor", []() {
py::print("creating capsule");
return py::capsule([]() {
py::print("destructing capsule");
});
});
m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor_2", []() {
py::print("creating capsule");
return py::capsule((void *) 1234, [](void *ptr) {
py::print("destructing capsule: {}"_s.format((size_t) ptr));
});
});
m.def("return_capsule_with_name_and_destructor", []() {
auto capsule = py::capsule((void *) 1234, "pointer type description", [](PyObject *ptr) {
if (ptr) {
auto name = PyCapsule_GetName(ptr);
py::print("destructing capsule ({}, '{}')"_s.format(
(size_t) PyCapsule_GetPointer(ptr, name), name
));
}
});
void *contents = capsule;
py::print("created capsule ({}, '{}')"_s.format((size_t) contents, capsule.name()));
return capsule;
});
// test_accessors
m.def("accessor_api", [](py::object o) {
auto d = py::dict();
d["basic_attr"] = o.attr("basic_attr");
auto l = py::list();
for (const auto &item : o.attr("begin_end")) {
l.append(item);
}
d["begin_end"] = l;
d["operator[object]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[object]"_s];
d["operator[char *]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[char *]"];
d["attr(object)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_obj");
d["attr(char *)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_char");
try {
o.attr("sub").attr("missing").ptr();
} catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
d["missing_attr_ptr"] = "raised"_s;
}
try {
o.attr("missing").attr("doesn't matter");
} catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
d["missing_attr_chain"] = "raised"_s;
}
d["is_none"] = o.attr("basic_attr").is_none();
d["operator()"] = o.attr("func")(1);
d["operator*"] = o.attr("func")(*o.attr("begin_end"));
// Test implicit conversion
py::list implicit_list = o.attr("begin_end");
d["implicit_list"] = implicit_list;
py::dict implicit_dict = o.attr("__dict__");
d["implicit_dict"] = implicit_dict;
return d;
});
m.def("tuple_accessor", [](py::tuple existing_t) {
try {
existing_t[0] = 1;
} catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
// --> Python system error
// Only new tuples (refcount == 1) are mutable
auto new_t = py::tuple(3);
for (size_t i = 0; i < new_t.size(); ++i) {
new_t[i] = i;
}
return new_t;
}
return py::tuple();
});
m.def("accessor_assignment", []() {
auto l = py::list(1);
l[0] = 0;
auto d = py::dict();
d["get"] = l[0];
auto var = l[0];
d["deferred_get"] = var;
l[0] = 1;
d["set"] = l[0];
var = 99; // this assignment should not overwrite l[0]
d["deferred_set"] = l[0];
d["var"] = var;
return d;
});
// test_constructors
m.def("default_constructors", []() {
return py::dict(
"str"_a=py::str(),
"bool"_a=py::bool_(),
"int"_a=py::int_(),
"float"_a=py::float_(),
"tuple"_a=py::tuple(),
"list"_a=py::list(),
"dict"_a=py::dict(),
"set"_a=py::set()
);
});
m.def("converting_constructors", [](py::dict d) {
return py::dict(
"str"_a=py::str(d["str"]),
"bool"_a=py::bool_(d["bool"]),
"int"_a=py::int_(d["int"]),
"float"_a=py::float_(d["float"]),
"tuple"_a=py::tuple(d["tuple"]),
"list"_a=py::list(d["list"]),
"dict"_a=py::dict(d["dict"]),
"set"_a=py::set(d["set"]),
"memoryview"_a=py::memoryview(d["memoryview"])
);
});
m.def("cast_functions", [](py::dict d) {
// When converting between Python types, obj.cast<T>() should be the same as T(obj)
return py::dict(
"str"_a=d["str"].cast<py::str>(),
"bool"_a=d["bool"].cast<py::bool_>(),
"int"_a=d["int"].cast<py::int_>(),
"float"_a=d["float"].cast<py::float_>(),
"tuple"_a=d["tuple"].cast<py::tuple>(),
"list"_a=d["list"].cast<py::list>(),
"dict"_a=d["dict"].cast<py::dict>(),
"set"_a=d["set"].cast<py::set>(),
"memoryview"_a=d["memoryview"].cast<py::memoryview>()
);
});
m.def("get_implicit_casting", []() {
py::dict d;
d["char*_i1"] = "abc";
const char *c2 = "abc";
d["char*_i2"] = c2;
d["char*_e"] = py::cast(c2);
d["char*_p"] = py::str(c2);
d["int_i1"] = 42;
int i = 42;
d["int_i2"] = i;
i++;
d["int_e"] = py::cast(i);
i++;
d["int_p"] = py::int_(i);
d["str_i1"] = std::string("str");
std::string s2("str1");
d["str_i2"] = s2;
s2[3] = '2';
d["str_e"] = py::cast(s2);
s2[3] = '3';
d["str_p"] = py::str(s2);
py::list l(2);
l[0] = 3;
l[1] = py::cast(6);
l.append(9);
l.append(py::cast(12));
l.append(py::int_(15));
return py::dict(
"d"_a=d,
"l"_a=l
);
});
// test_print
m.def("print_function", []() {
py::print("Hello, World!");
py::print(1, 2.0, "three", true, std::string("-- multiple args"));
auto args = py::make_tuple("and", "a", "custom", "separator");
py::print("*args", *args, "sep"_a="-");
py::print("no new line here", "end"_a=" -- ");
py::print("next print");
auto py_stderr = py::module::import("sys").attr("stderr");
py::print("this goes to stderr", "file"_a=py_stderr);
py::print("flush", "flush"_a=true);
py::print("{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a="py::print", "b"_a="str.format", "c"_a="this"));
});
m.def("print_failure", []() { py::print(42, UnregisteredType()); });
m.def("hash_function", [](py::object obj) { return py::hash(obj); });
m.def("test_number_protocol", [](py::object a, py::object b) {
py::list l;
l.append(a.equal(b));
l.append(a.not_equal(b));
l.append(a < b);
l.append(a <= b);
l.append(a > b);
l.append(a >= b);
l.append(a + b);
l.append(a - b);
l.append(a * b);
l.append(a / b);
l.append(a | b);
l.append(a & b);
l.append(a ^ b);
l.append(a >> b);
l.append(a << b);
return l;
});
m.def("test_list_slicing", [](py::list a) {
return a[py::slice(0, -1, 2)];
});
}

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from __future__ import division
import pytest
import sys
from pybind11_tests import pytypes as m
from pybind11_tests import debug_enabled
def test_list(capture, doc):
with capture:
lst = m.get_list()
assert lst == ["overwritten"]
lst.append("value2")
m.print_list(lst)
assert capture.unordered == """
Entry at position 0: value
list item 0: overwritten
list item 1: value2
"""
assert doc(m.get_list) == "get_list() -> list"
assert doc(m.print_list) == "print_list(arg0: list) -> None"
def test_set(capture, doc):
s = m.get_set()
assert s == {"key1", "key2", "key3"}
with capture:
s.add("key4")
m.print_set(s)
assert capture.unordered == """
key: key1
key: key2
key: key3
key: key4
"""
assert doc(m.get_list) == "get_list() -> list"
assert doc(m.print_list) == "print_list(arg0: list) -> None"
def test_dict(capture, doc):
d = m.get_dict()
assert d == {"key": "value"}
with capture:
d["key2"] = "value2"
m.print_dict(d)
assert capture.unordered == """
key: key, value=value
key: key2, value=value2
"""
assert doc(m.get_dict) == "get_dict() -> dict"
assert doc(m.print_dict) == "print_dict(arg0: dict) -> None"
assert m.dict_keyword_constructor() == {"x": 1, "y": 2, "z": 3}
def test_str(doc):
assert m.str_from_string().encode().decode() == "baz"
assert m.str_from_bytes().encode().decode() == "boo"
assert doc(m.str_from_bytes) == "str_from_bytes() -> str"
class A(object):
def __str__(self):
return "this is a str"
def __repr__(self):
return "this is a repr"
assert m.str_from_object(A()) == "this is a str"
assert m.repr_from_object(A()) == "this is a repr"
s1, s2 = m.str_format()
assert s1 == "1 + 2 = 3"
assert s1 == s2
def test_bytes(doc):
assert m.bytes_from_string().decode() == "foo"
assert m.bytes_from_str().decode() == "bar"
assert doc(m.bytes_from_str) == "bytes_from_str() -> {}".format(
"bytes" if sys.version_info[0] == 3 else "str"
)
def test_capsule(capture):
pytest.gc_collect()
with capture:
a = m.return_capsule_with_destructor()
del a
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture.unordered == """
creating capsule
destructing capsule
"""
with capture:
a = m.return_capsule_with_destructor_2()
del a
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture.unordered == """
creating capsule
destructing capsule: 1234
"""
with capture:
a = m.return_capsule_with_name_and_destructor()
del a
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture.unordered == """
created capsule (1234, 'pointer type description')
destructing capsule (1234, 'pointer type description')
"""
def test_accessors():
class SubTestObject:
attr_obj = 1
attr_char = 2
class TestObject:
basic_attr = 1
begin_end = [1, 2, 3]
d = {"operator[object]": 1, "operator[char *]": 2}
sub = SubTestObject()
def func(self, x, *args):
return self.basic_attr + x + sum(args)
d = m.accessor_api(TestObject())
assert d["basic_attr"] == 1
assert d["begin_end"] == [1, 2, 3]
assert d["operator[object]"] == 1
assert d["operator[char *]"] == 2
assert d["attr(object)"] == 1
assert d["attr(char *)"] == 2
assert d["missing_attr_ptr"] == "raised"
assert d["missing_attr_chain"] == "raised"
assert d["is_none"] is False
assert d["operator()"] == 2
assert d["operator*"] == 7
assert d["implicit_list"] == [1, 2, 3]
assert all(x in TestObject.__dict__ for x in d["implicit_dict"])
assert m.tuple_accessor(tuple()) == (0, 1, 2)
d = m.accessor_assignment()
assert d["get"] == 0
assert d["deferred_get"] == 0
assert d["set"] == 1
assert d["deferred_set"] == 1
assert d["var"] == 99
def test_constructors():
"""C++ default and converting constructors are equivalent to type calls in Python"""
types = [str, bool, int, float, tuple, list, dict, set]
expected = {t.__name__: t() for t in types}
assert m.default_constructors() == expected
data = {
str: 42,
bool: "Not empty",
int: "42",
float: "+1e3",
tuple: range(3),
list: range(3),
dict: [("two", 2), ("one", 1), ("three", 3)],
set: [4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6],
memoryview: b'abc'
}
inputs = {k.__name__: v for k, v in data.items()}
expected = {k.__name__: k(v) for k, v in data.items()}
assert m.converting_constructors(inputs) == expected
assert m.cast_functions(inputs) == expected
# Converting constructors and cast functions should just reference rather
# than copy when no conversion is needed:
noconv1 = m.converting_constructors(expected)
for k in noconv1:
assert noconv1[k] is expected[k]
noconv2 = m.cast_functions(expected)
for k in noconv2:
assert noconv2[k] is expected[k]
def test_implicit_casting():
"""Tests implicit casting when assigning or appending to dicts and lists."""
z = m.get_implicit_casting()
assert z['d'] == {
'char*_i1': 'abc', 'char*_i2': 'abc', 'char*_e': 'abc', 'char*_p': 'abc',
'str_i1': 'str', 'str_i2': 'str1', 'str_e': 'str2', 'str_p': 'str3',
'int_i1': 42, 'int_i2': 42, 'int_e': 43, 'int_p': 44
}
assert z['l'] == [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
def test_print(capture):
with capture:
m.print_function()
assert capture == """
Hello, World!
1 2.0 three True -- multiple args
*args-and-a-custom-separator
no new line here -- next print
flush
py::print + str.format = this
"""
assert capture.stderr == "this goes to stderr"
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.print_failure()
assert str(excinfo.value) == "make_tuple(): unable to convert " + (
"argument of type 'UnregisteredType' to Python object"
if debug_enabled else
"arguments to Python object (compile in debug mode for details)"
)
def test_hash():
class Hashable(object):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __hash__(self):
return self.value
class Unhashable(object):
__hash__ = None
assert m.hash_function(Hashable(42)) == 42
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.hash_function(Unhashable())
def test_number_protocol():
for a, b in [(1, 1), (3, 5)]:
li = [a == b, a != b, a < b, a <= b, a > b, a >= b, a + b,
a - b, a * b, a / b, a | b, a & b, a ^ b, a >> b, a << b]
assert m.test_number_protocol(a, b) == li
def test_list_slicing():
li = list(range(100))
assert li[::2] == m.test_list_slicing(li)

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/*
tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp -- supporting Pythons' sequence protocol, iterators,
etc.
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/operators.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
template<typename T>
class NonZeroIterator {
const T* ptr_;
public:
NonZeroIterator(const T* ptr) : ptr_(ptr) {}
const T& operator*() const { return *ptr_; }
NonZeroIterator& operator++() { ++ptr_; return *this; }
};
class NonZeroSentinel {};
template<typename A, typename B>
bool operator==(const NonZeroIterator<std::pair<A, B>>& it, const NonZeroSentinel&) {
return !(*it).first || !(*it).second;
}
template <typename PythonType>
py::list test_random_access_iterator(PythonType x) {
if (x.size() < 5)
throw py::value_error("Please provide at least 5 elements for testing.");
auto checks = py::list();
auto assert_equal = [&checks](py::handle a, py::handle b) {
auto result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(a.ptr(), b.ptr(), Py_EQ);
if (result == -1) { throw py::error_already_set(); }
checks.append(result != 0);
};
auto it = x.begin();
assert_equal(x[0], *it);
assert_equal(x[0], it[0]);
assert_equal(x[1], it[1]);
assert_equal(x[1], *(++it));
assert_equal(x[1], *(it++));
assert_equal(x[2], *it);
assert_equal(x[3], *(it += 1));
assert_equal(x[2], *(--it));
assert_equal(x[2], *(it--));
assert_equal(x[1], *it);
assert_equal(x[0], *(it -= 1));
assert_equal(it->attr("real"), x[0].attr("real"));
assert_equal((it + 1)->attr("real"), x[1].attr("real"));
assert_equal(x[1], *(it + 1));
assert_equal(x[1], *(1 + it));
it += 3;
assert_equal(x[1], *(it - 2));
checks.append(static_cast<std::size_t>(x.end() - x.begin()) == x.size());
checks.append((x.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(x.size())) == x.end());
checks.append(x.begin() < x.end());
return checks;
}
TEST_SUBMODULE(sequences_and_iterators, m) {
// test_sliceable
class Sliceable{
public:
Sliceable(int n): size(n) {}
int start,stop,step;
int size;
};
py::class_<Sliceable>(m,"Sliceable")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("__getitem__",[](const Sliceable &s, py::slice slice) {
ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength;
if (!slice.compute(s.size, &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength))
throw py::error_already_set();
int istart = static_cast<int>(start);
int istop = static_cast<int>(stop);
int istep = static_cast<int>(step);
return std::make_tuple(istart,istop,istep);
})
;
// test_sequence
class Sequence {
public:
Sequence(size_t size) : m_size(size) {
print_created(this, "of size", m_size);
m_data = new float[size];
memset(m_data, 0, sizeof(float) * size);
}
Sequence(const std::vector<float> &value) : m_size(value.size()) {
print_created(this, "of size", m_size, "from std::vector");
m_data = new float[m_size];
memcpy(m_data, &value[0], sizeof(float) * m_size);
}
Sequence(const Sequence &s) : m_size(s.m_size) {
print_copy_created(this);
m_data = new float[m_size];
memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float)*m_size);
}
Sequence(Sequence &&s) : m_size(s.m_size), m_data(s.m_data) {
print_move_created(this);
s.m_size = 0;
s.m_data = nullptr;
}
~Sequence() { print_destroyed(this); delete[] m_data; }
Sequence &operator=(const Sequence &s) {
if (&s != this) {
delete[] m_data;
m_size = s.m_size;
m_data = new float[m_size];
memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float)*m_size);
}
print_copy_assigned(this);
return *this;
}
Sequence &operator=(Sequence &&s) {
if (&s != this) {
delete[] m_data;
m_size = s.m_size;
m_data = s.m_data;
s.m_size = 0;
s.m_data = nullptr;
}
print_move_assigned(this);
return *this;
}
bool operator==(const Sequence &s) const {
if (m_size != s.size()) return false;
for (size_t i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
if (m_data[i] != s[i])
return false;
return true;
}
bool operator!=(const Sequence &s) const { return !operator==(s); }
float operator[](size_t index) const { return m_data[index]; }
float &operator[](size_t index) { return m_data[index]; }
bool contains(float v) const {
for (size_t i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
if (v == m_data[i])
return true;
return false;
}
Sequence reversed() const {
Sequence result(m_size);
for (size_t i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
result[m_size - i - 1] = m_data[i];
return result;
}
size_t size() const { return m_size; }
const float *begin() const { return m_data; }
const float *end() const { return m_data+m_size; }
private:
size_t m_size;
float *m_data;
};
py::class_<Sequence>(m, "Sequence")
.def(py::init<size_t>())
.def(py::init<const std::vector<float>&>())
/// Bare bones interface
.def("__getitem__", [](const Sequence &s, size_t i) {
if (i >= s.size()) throw py::index_error();
return s[i];
})
.def("__setitem__", [](Sequence &s, size_t i, float v) {
if (i >= s.size()) throw py::index_error();
s[i] = v;
})
.def("__len__", &Sequence::size)
/// Optional sequence protocol operations
.def("__iter__", [](const Sequence &s) { return py::make_iterator(s.begin(), s.end()); },
py::keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep object alive while iterator exists */)
.def("__contains__", [](const Sequence &s, float v) { return s.contains(v); })
.def("__reversed__", [](const Sequence &s) -> Sequence { return s.reversed(); })
/// Slicing protocol (optional)
.def("__getitem__", [](const Sequence &s, py::slice slice) -> Sequence* {
size_t start, stop, step, slicelength;
if (!slice.compute(s.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength))
throw py::error_already_set();
Sequence *seq = new Sequence(slicelength);
for (size_t i = 0; i < slicelength; ++i) {
(*seq)[i] = s[start]; start += step;
}
return seq;
})
.def("__setitem__", [](Sequence &s, py::slice slice, const Sequence &value) {
size_t start, stop, step, slicelength;
if (!slice.compute(s.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength))
throw py::error_already_set();
if (slicelength != value.size())
throw std::runtime_error("Left and right hand size of slice assignment have different sizes!");
for (size_t i = 0; i < slicelength; ++i) {
s[start] = value[i]; start += step;
}
})
/// Comparisons
.def(py::self == py::self)
.def(py::self != py::self)
// Could also define py::self + py::self for concatenation, etc.
;
// test_map_iterator
// Interface of a map-like object that isn't (directly) an unordered_map, but provides some basic
// map-like functionality.
class StringMap {
public:
StringMap() = default;
StringMap(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> init)
: map(std::move(init)) {}
void set(std::string key, std::string val) { map[key] = val; }
std::string get(std::string key) const { return map.at(key); }
size_t size() const { return map.size(); }
private:
std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> map;
public:
decltype(map.cbegin()) begin() const { return map.cbegin(); }
decltype(map.cend()) end() const { return map.cend(); }
};
py::class_<StringMap>(m, "StringMap")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::init<std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>>())
.def("__getitem__", [](const StringMap &map, std::string key) {
try { return map.get(key); }
catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
throw py::key_error("key '" + key + "' does not exist");
}
})
.def("__setitem__", &StringMap::set)
.def("__len__", &StringMap::size)
.def("__iter__", [](const StringMap &map) { return py::make_key_iterator(map.begin(), map.end()); },
py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
.def("items", [](const StringMap &map) { return py::make_iterator(map.begin(), map.end()); },
py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
;
// test_generalized_iterators
class IntPairs {
public:
IntPairs(std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> data) : data_(std::move(data)) {}
const std::pair<int, int>* begin() const { return data_.data(); }
private:
std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> data_;
};
py::class_<IntPairs>(m, "IntPairs")
.def(py::init<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>())
.def("nonzero", [](const IntPairs& s) {
return py::make_iterator(NonZeroIterator<std::pair<int, int>>(s.begin()), NonZeroSentinel());
}, py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
.def("nonzero_keys", [](const IntPairs& s) {
return py::make_key_iterator(NonZeroIterator<std::pair<int, int>>(s.begin()), NonZeroSentinel());
}, py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
;
#if 0
// Obsolete: special data structure for exposing custom iterator types to python
// kept here for illustrative purposes because there might be some use cases which
// are not covered by the much simpler py::make_iterator
struct PySequenceIterator {
PySequenceIterator(const Sequence &seq, py::object ref) : seq(seq), ref(ref) { }
float next() {
if (index == seq.size())
throw py::stop_iteration();
return seq[index++];
}
const Sequence &seq;
py::object ref; // keep a reference
size_t index = 0;
};
py::class_<PySequenceIterator>(seq, "Iterator")
.def("__iter__", [](PySequenceIterator &it) -> PySequenceIterator& { return it; })
.def("__next__", &PySequenceIterator::next);
On the actual Sequence object, the iterator would be constructed as follows:
.def("__iter__", [](py::object s) { return PySequenceIterator(s.cast<const Sequence &>(), s); })
#endif
// test_python_iterator_in_cpp
m.def("object_to_list", [](py::object o) {
auto l = py::list();
for (auto item : o) {
l.append(item);
}
return l;
});
m.def("iterator_to_list", [](py::iterator it) {
auto l = py::list();
while (it != py::iterator::sentinel()) {
l.append(*it);
++it;
}
return l;
});
// Make sure that py::iterator works with std algorithms
m.def("count_none", [](py::object o) {
return std::count_if(o.begin(), o.end(), [](py::handle h) { return h.is_none(); });
});
m.def("find_none", [](py::object o) {
auto it = std::find_if(o.begin(), o.end(), [](py::handle h) { return h.is_none(); });
return it->is_none();
});
m.def("count_nonzeros", [](py::dict d) {
return std::count_if(d.begin(), d.end(), [](std::pair<py::handle, py::handle> p) {
return p.second.cast<int>() != 0;
});
});
m.def("tuple_iterator", &test_random_access_iterator<py::tuple>);
m.def("list_iterator", &test_random_access_iterator<py::list>);
m.def("sequence_iterator", &test_random_access_iterator<py::sequence>);
// test_iterator_passthrough
// #181: iterator passthrough did not compile
m.def("iterator_passthrough", [](py::iterator s) -> py::iterator {
return py::make_iterator(std::begin(s), std::end(s));
});
// test_iterator_rvp
// #388: Can't make iterators via make_iterator() with different r/v policies
static std::vector<int> list = { 1, 2, 3 };
m.def("make_iterator_1", []() { return py::make_iterator<py::return_value_policy::copy>(list); });
m.def("make_iterator_2", []() { return py::make_iterator<py::return_value_policy::automatic>(list); });
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import sequences_and_iterators as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def isclose(a, b, rel_tol=1e-05, abs_tol=0.0):
"""Like math.isclose() from Python 3.5"""
return abs(a - b) <= max(rel_tol * max(abs(a), abs(b)), abs_tol)
def allclose(a_list, b_list, rel_tol=1e-05, abs_tol=0.0):
return all(isclose(a, b, rel_tol=rel_tol, abs_tol=abs_tol) for a, b in zip(a_list, b_list))
def test_generalized_iterators():
assert list(m.IntPairs([(1, 2), (3, 4), (0, 5)]).nonzero()) == [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
assert list(m.IntPairs([(1, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (4, 5)]).nonzero()) == [(1, 2)]
assert list(m.IntPairs([(0, 3), (1, 2), (3, 4)]).nonzero()) == []
assert list(m.IntPairs([(1, 2), (3, 4), (0, 5)]).nonzero_keys()) == [1, 3]
assert list(m.IntPairs([(1, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (4, 5)]).nonzero_keys()) == [1]
assert list(m.IntPairs([(0, 3), (1, 2), (3, 4)]).nonzero_keys()) == []
# __next__ must continue to raise StopIteration
it = m.IntPairs([(0, 0)]).nonzero()
for _ in range(3):
with pytest.raises(StopIteration):
next(it)
it = m.IntPairs([(0, 0)]).nonzero_keys()
for _ in range(3):
with pytest.raises(StopIteration):
next(it)
def test_sliceable():
sliceable = m.Sliceable(100)
assert sliceable[::] == (0, 100, 1)
assert sliceable[10::] == (10, 100, 1)
assert sliceable[:10:] == (0, 10, 1)
assert sliceable[::10] == (0, 100, 10)
assert sliceable[-10::] == (90, 100, 1)
assert sliceable[:-10:] == (0, 90, 1)
assert sliceable[::-10] == (99, -1, -10)
assert sliceable[50:60:1] == (50, 60, 1)
assert sliceable[50:60:-1] == (50, 60, -1)
def test_sequence():
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.Sequence)
s = m.Sequence(5)
assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '5']
assert "Sequence" in repr(s)
assert len(s) == 5
assert s[0] == 0 and s[3] == 0
assert 12.34 not in s
s[0], s[3] = 12.34, 56.78
assert 12.34 in s
assert isclose(s[0], 12.34) and isclose(s[3], 56.78)
rev = reversed(s)
assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '5']
rev2 = s[::-1]
assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '5']
it = iter(m.Sequence(0))
for _ in range(3): # __next__ must continue to raise StopIteration
with pytest.raises(StopIteration):
next(it)
assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '0']
expected = [0, 56.78, 0, 0, 12.34]
assert allclose(rev, expected)
assert allclose(rev2, expected)
assert rev == rev2
rev[0::2] = m.Sequence([2.0, 2.0, 2.0])
assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '3', 'from std::vector']
assert allclose(rev, [2, 56.78, 2, 0, 2])
assert cstats.alive() == 4
del it
assert cstats.alive() == 3
del s
assert cstats.alive() == 2
del rev
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del rev2
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == []
assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
assert cstats.move_constructions >= 1
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
def test_map_iterator():
sm = m.StringMap({'hi': 'bye', 'black': 'white'})
assert sm['hi'] == 'bye'
assert len(sm) == 2
assert sm['black'] == 'white'
with pytest.raises(KeyError):
assert sm['orange']
sm['orange'] = 'banana'
assert sm['orange'] == 'banana'
expected = {'hi': 'bye', 'black': 'white', 'orange': 'banana'}
for k in sm:
assert sm[k] == expected[k]
for k, v in sm.items():
assert v == expected[k]
it = iter(m.StringMap({}))
for _ in range(3): # __next__ must continue to raise StopIteration
with pytest.raises(StopIteration):
next(it)
def test_python_iterator_in_cpp():
t = (1, 2, 3)
assert m.object_to_list(t) == [1, 2, 3]
assert m.object_to_list(iter(t)) == [1, 2, 3]
assert m.iterator_to_list(iter(t)) == [1, 2, 3]
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.object_to_list(1)
assert "object is not iterable" in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.iterator_to_list(1)
assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
def bad_next_call():
raise RuntimeError("py::iterator::advance() should propagate errors")
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.iterator_to_list(iter(bad_next_call, None))
assert str(excinfo.value) == "py::iterator::advance() should propagate errors"
lst = [1, None, 0, None]
assert m.count_none(lst) == 2
assert m.find_none(lst) is True
assert m.count_nonzeros({"a": 0, "b": 1, "c": 2}) == 2
r = range(5)
assert all(m.tuple_iterator(tuple(r)))
assert all(m.list_iterator(list(r)))
assert all(m.sequence_iterator(r))
def test_iterator_passthrough():
"""#181: iterator passthrough did not compile"""
from pybind11_tests.sequences_and_iterators import iterator_passthrough
assert list(iterator_passthrough(iter([3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]))) == [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]
def test_iterator_rvp():
"""#388: Can't make iterators via make_iterator() with different r/v policies """
import pybind11_tests.sequences_and_iterators as m
assert list(m.make_iterator_1()) == [1, 2, 3]
assert list(m.make_iterator_2()) == [1, 2, 3]
assert not isinstance(m.make_iterator_1(), type(m.make_iterator_2()))

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/*
tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp -- binding classes with custom reference counting,
implicit conversions between types
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1910
# pragma warning(disable: 4702) // unreachable code in system header
#endif
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "object.h"
// Make pybind aware of the ref-counted wrapper type (s):
// ref<T> is a wrapper for 'Object' which uses intrusive reference counting
// It is always possible to construct a ref<T> from an Object* pointer without
// possible inconsistencies, hence the 'true' argument at the end.
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, ref<T>, true);
// Make pybind11 aware of the non-standard getter member function
namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
template <typename T>
struct holder_helper<ref<T>> {
static const T *get(const ref<T> &p) { return p.get_ptr(); }
};
}}
// The following is not required anymore for std::shared_ptr, but it should compile without error:
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, std::shared_ptr<T>);
// This is just a wrapper around unique_ptr, but with extra fields to deliberately bloat up the
// holder size to trigger the non-simple-layout internal instance layout for single inheritance with
// large holder type:
template <typename T> class huge_unique_ptr {
std::unique_ptr<T> ptr;
uint64_t padding[10];
public:
huge_unique_ptr(T *p) : ptr(p) {};
T *get() { return ptr.get(); }
};
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, huge_unique_ptr<T>);
// Simple custom holder that works like unique_ptr
template <typename T>
class custom_unique_ptr {
std::unique_ptr<T> impl;
public:
custom_unique_ptr(T* p) : impl(p) { }
T* get() const { return impl.get(); }
T* release_ptr() { return impl.release(); }
};
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, custom_unique_ptr<T>);
// Simple custom holder that works like shared_ptr and has operator& overload
// To obtain address of an instance of this holder pybind should use std::addressof
// Attempt to get address via operator& may leads to segmentation fault
template <typename T>
class shared_ptr_with_addressof_operator {
std::shared_ptr<T> impl;
public:
shared_ptr_with_addressof_operator( ) = default;
shared_ptr_with_addressof_operator(T* p) : impl(p) { }
T* get() const { return impl.get(); }
T** operator&() { throw std::logic_error("Call of overloaded operator& is not expected"); }
};
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, shared_ptr_with_addressof_operator<T>);
// Simple custom holder that works like unique_ptr and has operator& overload
// To obtain address of an instance of this holder pybind should use std::addressof
// Attempt to get address via operator& may leads to segmentation fault
template <typename T>
class unique_ptr_with_addressof_operator {
std::unique_ptr<T> impl;
public:
unique_ptr_with_addressof_operator() = default;
unique_ptr_with_addressof_operator(T* p) : impl(p) { }
T* get() const { return impl.get(); }
T* release_ptr() { return impl.release(); }
T** operator&() { throw std::logic_error("Call of overloaded operator& is not expected"); }
};
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, unique_ptr_with_addressof_operator<T>);
TEST_SUBMODULE(smart_ptr, m) {
// test_smart_ptr
// Object implementation in `object.h`
py::class_<Object, ref<Object>> obj(m, "Object");
obj.def("getRefCount", &Object::getRefCount);
// Custom object with builtin reference counting (see 'object.h' for the implementation)
class MyObject1 : public Object {
public:
MyObject1(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, toString()); }
std::string toString() const { return "MyObject1[" + std::to_string(value) + "]"; }
protected:
virtual ~MyObject1() { print_destroyed(this); }
private:
int value;
};
py::class_<MyObject1, ref<MyObject1>>(m, "MyObject1", obj)
.def(py::init<int>());
py::implicitly_convertible<py::int_, MyObject1>();
m.def("make_object_1", []() -> Object * { return new MyObject1(1); });
m.def("make_object_2", []() -> ref<Object> { return new MyObject1(2); });
m.def("make_myobject1_1", []() -> MyObject1 * { return new MyObject1(4); });
m.def("make_myobject1_2", []() -> ref<MyObject1> { return new MyObject1(5); });
m.def("print_object_1", [](const Object *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_object_2", [](ref<Object> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_object_3", [](const ref<Object> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_object_4", [](const ref<Object> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject1_1", [](const MyObject1 *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject1_2", [](ref<MyObject1> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject1_3", [](const ref<MyObject1> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject1_4", [](const ref<MyObject1> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); });
// Expose constructor stats for the ref type
m.def("cstats_ref", &ConstructorStats::get<ref_tag>);
// Object managed by a std::shared_ptr<>
class MyObject2 {
public:
MyObject2(const MyObject2 &) = default;
MyObject2(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, toString()); }
std::string toString() const { return "MyObject2[" + std::to_string(value) + "]"; }
virtual ~MyObject2() { print_destroyed(this); }
private:
int value;
};
py::class_<MyObject2, std::shared_ptr<MyObject2>>(m, "MyObject2")
.def(py::init<int>());
m.def("make_myobject2_1", []() { return new MyObject2(6); });
m.def("make_myobject2_2", []() { return std::make_shared<MyObject2>(7); });
m.def("print_myobject2_1", [](const MyObject2 *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject2_2", [](std::shared_ptr<MyObject2> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject2_3", [](const std::shared_ptr<MyObject2> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject2_4", [](const std::shared_ptr<MyObject2> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); });
// Object managed by a std::shared_ptr<>, additionally derives from std::enable_shared_from_this<>
class MyObject3 : public std::enable_shared_from_this<MyObject3> {
public:
MyObject3(const MyObject3 &) = default;
MyObject3(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, toString()); }
std::string toString() const { return "MyObject3[" + std::to_string(value) + "]"; }
virtual ~MyObject3() { print_destroyed(this); }
private:
int value;
};
py::class_<MyObject3, std::shared_ptr<MyObject3>>(m, "MyObject3")
.def(py::init<int>());
m.def("make_myobject3_1", []() { return new MyObject3(8); });
m.def("make_myobject3_2", []() { return std::make_shared<MyObject3>(9); });
m.def("print_myobject3_1", [](const MyObject3 *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject3_2", [](std::shared_ptr<MyObject3> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject3_3", [](const std::shared_ptr<MyObject3> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
m.def("print_myobject3_4", [](const std::shared_ptr<MyObject3> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); });
// test_smart_ptr_refcounting
m.def("test_object1_refcounting", []() {
ref<MyObject1> o = new MyObject1(0);
bool good = o->getRefCount() == 1;
py::object o2 = py::cast(o, py::return_value_policy::reference);
// always request (partial) ownership for objects with intrusive
// reference counting even when using the 'reference' RVP
good &= o->getRefCount() == 2;
return good;
});
// test_unique_nodelete
// Object with a private destructor
class MyObject4 {
public:
MyObject4(int value) : value{value} { print_created(this); }
int value;
private:
~MyObject4() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<MyObject4, std::unique_ptr<MyObject4, py::nodelete>>(m, "MyObject4")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def_readwrite("value", &MyObject4::value);
// test_unique_deleter
// Object with std::unique_ptr<T, D> where D is not matching the base class
// Object with a protected destructor
class MyObject4a {
public:
MyObject4a(int i) {
value = i;
print_created(this);
};
int value;
protected:
virtual ~MyObject4a() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<MyObject4a, std::unique_ptr<MyObject4a, py::nodelete>>(m, "MyObject4a")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def_readwrite("value", &MyObject4a::value);
// Object derived but with public destructor and no Deleter in default holder
class MyObject4b : public MyObject4a {
public:
MyObject4b(int i) : MyObject4a(i) { print_created(this); }
~MyObject4b() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<MyObject4b, MyObject4a>(m, "MyObject4b")
.def(py::init<int>());
// test_large_holder
class MyObject5 { // managed by huge_unique_ptr
public:
MyObject5(int value) : value{value} { print_created(this); }
~MyObject5() { print_destroyed(this); }
int value;
};
py::class_<MyObject5, huge_unique_ptr<MyObject5>>(m, "MyObject5")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def_readwrite("value", &MyObject5::value);
// test_shared_ptr_and_references
struct SharedPtrRef {
struct A {
A() { print_created(this); }
A(const A &) { print_copy_created(this); }
A(A &&) { print_move_created(this); }
~A() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
A value = {};
std::shared_ptr<A> shared = std::make_shared<A>();
};
using A = SharedPtrRef::A;
py::class_<A, std::shared_ptr<A>>(m, "A");
py::class_<SharedPtrRef>(m, "SharedPtrRef")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("ref", &SharedPtrRef::value)
.def_property_readonly("copy", [](const SharedPtrRef &s) { return s.value; },
py::return_value_policy::copy)
.def_readonly("holder_ref", &SharedPtrRef::shared)
.def_property_readonly("holder_copy", [](const SharedPtrRef &s) { return s.shared; },
py::return_value_policy::copy)
.def("set_ref", [](SharedPtrRef &, const A &) { return true; })
.def("set_holder", [](SharedPtrRef &, std::shared_ptr<A>) { return true; });
// test_shared_ptr_from_this_and_references
struct SharedFromThisRef {
struct B : std::enable_shared_from_this<B> {
B() { print_created(this); }
B(const B &) : std::enable_shared_from_this<B>() { print_copy_created(this); }
B(B &&) : std::enable_shared_from_this<B>() { print_move_created(this); }
~B() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
B value = {};
std::shared_ptr<B> shared = std::make_shared<B>();
};
using B = SharedFromThisRef::B;
py::class_<B, std::shared_ptr<B>>(m, "B");
py::class_<SharedFromThisRef>(m, "SharedFromThisRef")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("bad_wp", &SharedFromThisRef::value)
.def_property_readonly("ref", [](const SharedFromThisRef &s) -> const B & { return *s.shared; })
.def_property_readonly("copy", [](const SharedFromThisRef &s) { return s.value; },
py::return_value_policy::copy)
.def_readonly("holder_ref", &SharedFromThisRef::shared)
.def_property_readonly("holder_copy", [](const SharedFromThisRef &s) { return s.shared; },
py::return_value_policy::copy)
.def("set_ref", [](SharedFromThisRef &, const B &) { return true; })
.def("set_holder", [](SharedFromThisRef &, std::shared_ptr<B>) { return true; });
// Issue #865: shared_from_this doesn't work with virtual inheritance
struct SharedFromThisVBase : std::enable_shared_from_this<SharedFromThisVBase> {
SharedFromThisVBase() = default;
SharedFromThisVBase(const SharedFromThisVBase &) = default;
virtual ~SharedFromThisVBase() = default;
};
struct SharedFromThisVirt : virtual SharedFromThisVBase {};
static std::shared_ptr<SharedFromThisVirt> sft(new SharedFromThisVirt());
py::class_<SharedFromThisVirt, std::shared_ptr<SharedFromThisVirt>>(m, "SharedFromThisVirt")
.def_static("get", []() { return sft.get(); });
// test_move_only_holder
struct C {
C() { print_created(this); }
~C() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<C, custom_unique_ptr<C>>(m, "TypeWithMoveOnlyHolder")
.def_static("make", []() { return custom_unique_ptr<C>(new C); });
// test_holder_with_addressof_operator
struct TypeForHolderWithAddressOf {
TypeForHolderWithAddressOf() { print_created(this); }
TypeForHolderWithAddressOf(const TypeForHolderWithAddressOf &) { print_copy_created(this); }
TypeForHolderWithAddressOf(TypeForHolderWithAddressOf &&) { print_move_created(this); }
~TypeForHolderWithAddressOf() { print_destroyed(this); }
std::string toString() const {
return "TypeForHolderWithAddressOf[" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
}
int value = 42;
};
using HolderWithAddressOf = shared_ptr_with_addressof_operator<TypeForHolderWithAddressOf>;
py::class_<TypeForHolderWithAddressOf, HolderWithAddressOf>(m, "TypeForHolderWithAddressOf")
.def_static("make", []() { return HolderWithAddressOf(new TypeForHolderWithAddressOf); })
.def("get", [](const HolderWithAddressOf &self) { return self.get(); })
.def("print_object_1", [](const TypeForHolderWithAddressOf *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); })
.def("print_object_2", [](HolderWithAddressOf obj) { py::print(obj.get()->toString()); })
.def("print_object_3", [](const HolderWithAddressOf &obj) { py::print(obj.get()->toString()); })
.def("print_object_4", [](const HolderWithAddressOf *obj) { py::print((*obj).get()->toString()); });
// test_move_only_holder_with_addressof_operator
struct TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf {
TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf(int value) : value{value} { print_created(this); }
~TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf() { print_destroyed(this); }
std::string toString() const {
return "MoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf[" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
}
int value;
};
using MoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf = unique_ptr_with_addressof_operator<TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf>;
py::class_<TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf, MoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf>(m, "TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf")
.def_static("make", []() { return MoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf(new TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf(0)); })
.def_readwrite("value", &TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf::value)
.def("print_object", [](const TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); });
// test_smart_ptr_from_default
struct HeldByDefaultHolder { };
py::class_<HeldByDefaultHolder>(m, "HeldByDefaultHolder")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_static("load_shared_ptr", [](std::shared_ptr<HeldByDefaultHolder>) {});
// test_shared_ptr_gc
// #187: issue involving std::shared_ptr<> return value policy & garbage collection
struct ElementBase {
virtual ~ElementBase() { } /* Force creation of virtual table */
};
py::class_<ElementBase, std::shared_ptr<ElementBase>>(m, "ElementBase");
struct ElementA : ElementBase {
ElementA(int v) : v(v) { }
int value() { return v; }
int v;
};
py::class_<ElementA, ElementBase, std::shared_ptr<ElementA>>(m, "ElementA")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def("value", &ElementA::value);
struct ElementList {
void add(std::shared_ptr<ElementBase> e) { l.push_back(e); }
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ElementBase>> l;
};
py::class_<ElementList, std::shared_ptr<ElementList>>(m, "ElementList")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("add", &ElementList::add)
.def("get", [](ElementList &el) {
py::list list;
for (auto &e : el.l)
list.append(py::cast(e));
return list;
});
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import smart_ptr as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_smart_ptr(capture):
# Object1
for i, o in enumerate([m.make_object_1(), m.make_object_2(), m.MyObject1(3)], start=1):
assert o.getRefCount() == 1
with capture:
m.print_object_1(o)
m.print_object_2(o)
m.print_object_3(o)
m.print_object_4(o)
assert capture == "MyObject1[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * 4
for i, o in enumerate([m.make_myobject1_1(), m.make_myobject1_2(), m.MyObject1(6), 7],
start=4):
print(o)
with capture:
if not isinstance(o, int):
m.print_object_1(o)
m.print_object_2(o)
m.print_object_3(o)
m.print_object_4(o)
m.print_myobject1_1(o)
m.print_myobject1_2(o)
m.print_myobject1_3(o)
m.print_myobject1_4(o)
assert capture == "MyObject1[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * (4 if isinstance(o, int) else 8)
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject1)
assert cstats.alive() == 0
expected_values = ['MyObject1[{}]'.format(i) for i in range(1, 7)] + ['MyObject1[7]'] * 4
assert cstats.values() == expected_values
assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
# assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
# Object2
for i, o in zip([8, 6, 7], [m.MyObject2(8), m.make_myobject2_1(), m.make_myobject2_2()]):
print(o)
with capture:
m.print_myobject2_1(o)
m.print_myobject2_2(o)
m.print_myobject2_3(o)
m.print_myobject2_4(o)
assert capture == "MyObject2[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * 4
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject2)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
o = None
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ['MyObject2[8]', 'MyObject2[6]', 'MyObject2[7]']
assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
# assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
# Object3
for i, o in zip([9, 8, 9], [m.MyObject3(9), m.make_myobject3_1(), m.make_myobject3_2()]):
print(o)
with capture:
m.print_myobject3_1(o)
m.print_myobject3_2(o)
m.print_myobject3_3(o)
m.print_myobject3_4(o)
assert capture == "MyObject3[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * 4
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject3)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
o = None
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ['MyObject3[9]', 'MyObject3[8]', 'MyObject3[9]']
assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
# assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
# Object
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.Object)
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == []
assert cstats.default_constructions == 10
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
# assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
# ref<>
cstats = m.cstats_ref()
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ['from pointer'] * 10
assert cstats.default_constructions == 30
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 12
# assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
assert cstats.copy_assignments == 30
assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
def test_smart_ptr_refcounting():
assert m.test_object1_refcounting()
def test_unique_nodelete():
o = m.MyObject4(23)
assert o.value == 23
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject4)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del o
assert cstats.alive() == 1 # Leak, but that's intentional
def test_unique_nodelete4a():
o = m.MyObject4a(23)
assert o.value == 23
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject4a)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del o
assert cstats.alive() == 1 # Leak, but that's intentional
def test_unique_deleter():
o = m.MyObject4b(23)
assert o.value == 23
cstats4a = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject4a)
assert cstats4a.alive() == 2 # Two because of previous test
cstats4b = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject4b)
assert cstats4b.alive() == 1
del o
assert cstats4a.alive() == 1 # Should now only be one leftover from previous test
assert cstats4b.alive() == 0 # Should be deleted
def test_large_holder():
o = m.MyObject5(5)
assert o.value == 5
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.MyObject5)
assert cstats.alive() == 1
del o
assert cstats.alive() == 0
def test_shared_ptr_and_references():
s = m.SharedPtrRef()
stats = ConstructorStats.get(m.A)
assert stats.alive() == 2
ref = s.ref # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=false)
assert stats.alive() == 2
assert s.set_ref(ref)
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
assert s.set_holder(ref)
assert "Unable to cast from non-held to held instance" in str(excinfo.value)
copy = s.copy # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=true)
assert stats.alive() == 3
assert s.set_ref(copy)
assert s.set_holder(copy)
holder_ref = s.holder_ref # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=false)
assert stats.alive() == 3
assert s.set_ref(holder_ref)
assert s.set_holder(holder_ref)
holder_copy = s.holder_copy # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=true)
assert stats.alive() == 3
assert s.set_ref(holder_copy)
assert s.set_holder(holder_copy)
del ref, copy, holder_ref, holder_copy, s
assert stats.alive() == 0
def test_shared_ptr_from_this_and_references():
s = m.SharedFromThisRef()
stats = ConstructorStats.get(m.B)
assert stats.alive() == 2
ref = s.ref # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=false, bad_wp=false)
assert stats.alive() == 2
assert s.set_ref(ref)
assert s.set_holder(ref) # std::enable_shared_from_this can create a holder from a reference
bad_wp = s.bad_wp # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=false, bad_wp=true)
assert stats.alive() == 2
assert s.set_ref(bad_wp)
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
assert s.set_holder(bad_wp)
assert "Unable to cast from non-held to held instance" in str(excinfo.value)
copy = s.copy # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=true, bad_wp=false)
assert stats.alive() == 3
assert s.set_ref(copy)
assert s.set_holder(copy)
holder_ref = s.holder_ref # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=false, bad_wp=false)
assert stats.alive() == 3
assert s.set_ref(holder_ref)
assert s.set_holder(holder_ref)
holder_copy = s.holder_copy # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=true, bad_wp=false)
assert stats.alive() == 3
assert s.set_ref(holder_copy)
assert s.set_holder(holder_copy)
del ref, bad_wp, copy, holder_ref, holder_copy, s
assert stats.alive() == 0
z = m.SharedFromThisVirt.get()
y = m.SharedFromThisVirt.get()
assert y is z
def test_move_only_holder():
a = m.TypeWithMoveOnlyHolder.make()
stats = ConstructorStats.get(m.TypeWithMoveOnlyHolder)
assert stats.alive() == 1
del a
assert stats.alive() == 0
def test_holder_with_addressof_operator():
# this test must not throw exception from c++
a = m.TypeForHolderWithAddressOf.make()
a.print_object_1()
a.print_object_2()
a.print_object_3()
a.print_object_4()
stats = ConstructorStats.get(m.TypeForHolderWithAddressOf)
assert stats.alive() == 1
np = m.TypeForHolderWithAddressOf.make()
assert stats.alive() == 2
del a
assert stats.alive() == 1
del np
assert stats.alive() == 0
b = m.TypeForHolderWithAddressOf.make()
c = b
assert b.get() is c.get()
assert stats.alive() == 1
del b
assert stats.alive() == 1
del c
assert stats.alive() == 0
def test_move_only_holder_with_addressof_operator():
a = m.TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf.make()
a.print_object()
stats = ConstructorStats.get(m.TypeForMoveOnlyHolderWithAddressOf)
assert stats.alive() == 1
a.value = 42
assert a.value == 42
del a
assert stats.alive() == 0
def test_smart_ptr_from_default():
instance = m.HeldByDefaultHolder()
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.HeldByDefaultHolder.load_shared_ptr(instance)
assert "Unable to load a custom holder type from a default-holder instance" in str(excinfo)
def test_shared_ptr_gc():
"""#187: issue involving std::shared_ptr<> return value policy & garbage collection"""
el = m.ElementList()
for i in range(10):
el.add(m.ElementA(i))
pytest.gc_collect()
for i, v in enumerate(el.get()):
assert i == v.value()

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/*
tests/test_stl.cpp -- STL type casters
Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
// Test with `std::variant` in C++17 mode, or with `boost::variant` in C++11/14
#if PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT
using std::variant;
#elif defined(PYBIND11_TEST_BOOST) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910)
# include <boost/variant.hpp>
# define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1
using boost::variant;
namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
template <typename... Ts>
struct type_caster<boost::variant<Ts...>> : variant_caster<boost::variant<Ts...>> {};
template <>
struct visit_helper<boost::variant> {
template <typename... Args>
static auto call(Args &&...args) -> decltype(boost::apply_visitor(args...)) {
return boost::apply_visitor(args...);
}
};
}} // namespace pybind11::detail
#endif
PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(std::vector<std::string, std::allocator<std::string>>);
/// Issue #528: templated constructor
struct TplCtorClass {
template <typename T> TplCtorClass(const T &) { }
bool operator==(const TplCtorClass &) const { return true; }
};
namespace std {
template <>
struct hash<TplCtorClass> { size_t operator()(const TplCtorClass &) const { return 0; } };
}
TEST_SUBMODULE(stl, m) {
// test_vector
m.def("cast_vector", []() { return std::vector<int>{1}; });
m.def("load_vector", [](const std::vector<int> &v) { return v.at(0) == 1 && v.at(1) == 2; });
// `std::vector<bool>` is special because it returns proxy objects instead of references
m.def("cast_bool_vector", []() { return std::vector<bool>{true, false}; });
m.def("load_bool_vector", [](const std::vector<bool> &v) {
return v.at(0) == true && v.at(1) == false;
});
// Unnumbered regression (caused by #936): pointers to stl containers aren't castable
static std::vector<RValueCaster> lvv{2};
m.def("cast_ptr_vector", []() { return &lvv; });
// test_deque
m.def("cast_deque", []() { return std::deque<int>{1}; });
m.def("load_deque", [](const std::deque<int> &v) { return v.at(0) == 1 && v.at(1) == 2; });
// test_array
m.def("cast_array", []() { return std::array<int, 2> {{1 , 2}}; });
m.def("load_array", [](const std::array<int, 2> &a) { return a[0] == 1 && a[1] == 2; });
// test_valarray
m.def("cast_valarray", []() { return std::valarray<int>{1, 4, 9}; });
m.def("load_valarray", [](const std::valarray<int>& v) {
return v.size() == 3 && v[0] == 1 && v[1] == 4 && v[2] == 9;
});
// test_map
m.def("cast_map", []() { return std::map<std::string, std::string>{{"key", "value"}}; });
m.def("load_map", [](const std::map<std::string, std::string> &map) {
return map.at("key") == "value" && map.at("key2") == "value2";
});
// test_set
m.def("cast_set", []() { return std::set<std::string>{"key1", "key2"}; });
m.def("load_set", [](const std::set<std::string> &set) {
return set.count("key1") && set.count("key2") && set.count("key3");
});
// test_recursive_casting
m.def("cast_rv_vector", []() { return std::vector<RValueCaster>{2}; });
m.def("cast_rv_array", []() { return std::array<RValueCaster, 3>(); });
// NB: map and set keys are `const`, so while we technically do move them (as `const Type &&`),
// casters don't typically do anything with that, which means they fall to the `const Type &`
// caster.
m.def("cast_rv_map", []() { return std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>{{"a", RValueCaster{}}}; });
m.def("cast_rv_nested", []() {
std::vector<std::array<std::list<std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>>, 2>> v;
v.emplace_back(); // add an array
v.back()[0].emplace_back(); // add a map to the array
v.back()[0].back().emplace("b", RValueCaster{});
v.back()[0].back().emplace("c", RValueCaster{});
v.back()[1].emplace_back(); // add a map to the array
v.back()[1].back().emplace("a", RValueCaster{});
return v;
});
static std::array<RValueCaster, 2> lva;
static std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster> lvm{{"a", RValueCaster{}}, {"b", RValueCaster{}}};
static std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::list<std::array<RValueCaster, 2>>>> lvn;
lvn["a"].emplace_back(); // add a list
lvn["a"].back().emplace_back(); // add an array
lvn["a"].emplace_back(); // another list
lvn["a"].back().emplace_back(); // add an array
lvn["b"].emplace_back(); // add a list
lvn["b"].back().emplace_back(); // add an array
lvn["b"].back().emplace_back(); // add another array
m.def("cast_lv_vector", []() -> const decltype(lvv) & { return lvv; });
m.def("cast_lv_array", []() -> const decltype(lva) & { return lva; });
m.def("cast_lv_map", []() -> const decltype(lvm) & { return lvm; });
m.def("cast_lv_nested", []() -> const decltype(lvn) & { return lvn; });
// #853:
m.def("cast_unique_ptr_vector", []() {
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<UserType>> v;
v.emplace_back(new UserType{7});
v.emplace_back(new UserType{42});
return v;
});
// test_move_out_container
struct MoveOutContainer {
struct Value { int value; };
std::list<Value> move_list() const { return {{0}, {1}, {2}}; }
};
py::class_<MoveOutContainer::Value>(m, "MoveOutContainerValue")
.def_readonly("value", &MoveOutContainer::Value::value);
py::class_<MoveOutContainer>(m, "MoveOutContainer")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_property_readonly("move_list", &MoveOutContainer::move_list);
// Class that can be move- and copy-constructed, but not assigned
struct NoAssign {
int value;
explicit NoAssign(int value = 0) : value(value) { }
NoAssign(const NoAssign &) = default;
NoAssign(NoAssign &&) = default;
NoAssign &operator=(const NoAssign &) = delete;
NoAssign &operator=(NoAssign &&) = delete;
};
py::class_<NoAssign>(m, "NoAssign", "Class with no C++ assignment operators")
.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::init<int>());
#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL
// test_optional
m.attr("has_optional") = true;
using opt_int = std::optional<int>;
using opt_no_assign = std::optional<NoAssign>;
m.def("double_or_zero", [](const opt_int& x) -> int {
return x.value_or(0) * 2;
});
m.def("half_or_none", [](int x) -> opt_int {
return x ? opt_int(x / 2) : opt_int();
});
m.def("test_nullopt", [](opt_int x) {
return x.value_or(42);
}, py::arg_v("x", std::nullopt, "None"));
m.def("test_no_assign", [](const opt_no_assign &x) {
return x ? x->value : 42;
}, py::arg_v("x", std::nullopt, "None"));
m.def("nodefer_none_optional", [](std::optional<int>) { return true; });
m.def("nodefer_none_optional", [](py::none) { return false; });
#endif
#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL
// test_exp_optional
m.attr("has_exp_optional") = true;
using exp_opt_int = std::experimental::optional<int>;
using exp_opt_no_assign = std::experimental::optional<NoAssign>;
m.def("double_or_zero_exp", [](const exp_opt_int& x) -> int {
return x.value_or(0) * 2;
});
m.def("half_or_none_exp", [](int x) -> exp_opt_int {
return x ? exp_opt_int(x / 2) : exp_opt_int();
});
m.def("test_nullopt_exp", [](exp_opt_int x) {
return x.value_or(42);
}, py::arg_v("x", std::experimental::nullopt, "None"));
m.def("test_no_assign_exp", [](const exp_opt_no_assign &x) {
return x ? x->value : 42;
}, py::arg_v("x", std::experimental::nullopt, "None"));
#endif
#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT
static_assert(std::is_same<py::detail::variant_caster_visitor::result_type, py::handle>::value,
"visitor::result_type is required by boost::variant in C++11 mode");
struct visitor {
using result_type = const char *;
result_type operator()(int) { return "int"; }
result_type operator()(std::string) { return "std::string"; }
result_type operator()(double) { return "double"; }
result_type operator()(std::nullptr_t) { return "std::nullptr_t"; }
};
// test_variant
m.def("load_variant", [](variant<int, std::string, double, std::nullptr_t> v) {
return py::detail::visit_helper<variant>::call(visitor(), v);
});
m.def("load_variant_2pass", [](variant<double, int> v) {
return py::detail::visit_helper<variant>::call(visitor(), v);
});
m.def("cast_variant", []() {
using V = variant<int, std::string>;
return py::make_tuple(V(5), V("Hello"));
});
#endif
// #528: templated constructor
// (no python tests: the test here is that this compiles)
m.def("tpl_ctor_vector", [](std::vector<TplCtorClass> &) {});
m.def("tpl_ctor_map", [](std::unordered_map<TplCtorClass, TplCtorClass> &) {});
m.def("tpl_ctor_set", [](std::unordered_set<TplCtorClass> &) {});
#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL)
m.def("tpl_constr_optional", [](std::optional<TplCtorClass> &) {});
#elif defined(PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL)
m.def("tpl_constr_optional", [](std::experimental::optional<TplCtorClass> &) {});
#endif
// test_vec_of_reference_wrapper
// #171: Can't return STL structures containing reference wrapper
m.def("return_vec_of_reference_wrapper", [](std::reference_wrapper<UserType> p4) {
static UserType p1{1}, p2{2}, p3{3};
return std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<UserType>> {
std::ref(p1), std::ref(p2), std::ref(p3), p4
};
});
// test_stl_pass_by_pointer
m.def("stl_pass_by_pointer", [](std::vector<int>* v) { return *v; }, "v"_a=nullptr);
// #1258: pybind11/stl.h converts string to vector<string>
m.def("func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload", [](std::vector<std::string>) { return 1; });
m.def("func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload", [](std::list<std::string>) { return 2; });
m.def("func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload", [](std::string) { return 3; });
class Placeholder {
public:
Placeholder() { print_created(this); }
Placeholder(const Placeholder &) = delete;
~Placeholder() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<Placeholder>(m, "Placeholder");
/// test_stl_vector_ownership
m.def("test_stl_ownership",
[]() {
std::vector<Placeholder *> result;
result.push_back(new Placeholder());
return result;
},
py::return_value_policy::take_ownership);
m.def("array_cast_sequence", [](std::array<int, 3> x) { return x; });
/// test_issue_1561
struct Issue1561Inner { std::string data; };
struct Issue1561Outer { std::vector<Issue1561Inner> list; };
py::class_<Issue1561Inner>(m, "Issue1561Inner")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def_readwrite("data", &Issue1561Inner::data);
py::class_<Issue1561Outer>(m, "Issue1561Outer")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readwrite("list", &Issue1561Outer::list);
}

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import stl as m
from pybind11_tests import UserType
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_vector(doc):
"""std::vector <-> list"""
lst = m.cast_vector()
assert lst == [1]
lst.append(2)
assert m.load_vector(lst)
assert m.load_vector(tuple(lst))
assert m.cast_bool_vector() == [True, False]
assert m.load_bool_vector([True, False])
assert doc(m.cast_vector) == "cast_vector() -> List[int]"
assert doc(m.load_vector) == "load_vector(arg0: List[int]) -> bool"
# Test regression caused by 936: pointers to stl containers weren't castable
assert m.cast_ptr_vector() == ["lvalue", "lvalue"]
def test_deque(doc):
"""std::deque <-> list"""
lst = m.cast_deque()
assert lst == [1]
lst.append(2)
assert m.load_deque(lst)
assert m.load_deque(tuple(lst))
def test_array(doc):
"""std::array <-> list"""
lst = m.cast_array()
assert lst == [1, 2]
assert m.load_array(lst)
assert doc(m.cast_array) == "cast_array() -> List[int[2]]"
assert doc(m.load_array) == "load_array(arg0: List[int[2]]) -> bool"
def test_valarray(doc):
"""std::valarray <-> list"""
lst = m.cast_valarray()
assert lst == [1, 4, 9]
assert m.load_valarray(lst)
assert doc(m.cast_valarray) == "cast_valarray() -> List[int]"
assert doc(m.load_valarray) == "load_valarray(arg0: List[int]) -> bool"
def test_map(doc):
"""std::map <-> dict"""
d = m.cast_map()
assert d == {"key": "value"}
assert "key" in d
d["key2"] = "value2"
assert "key2" in d
assert m.load_map(d)
assert doc(m.cast_map) == "cast_map() -> Dict[str, str]"
assert doc(m.load_map) == "load_map(arg0: Dict[str, str]) -> bool"
def test_set(doc):
"""std::set <-> set"""
s = m.cast_set()
assert s == {"key1", "key2"}
s.add("key3")
assert m.load_set(s)
assert doc(m.cast_set) == "cast_set() -> Set[str]"
assert doc(m.load_set) == "load_set(arg0: Set[str]) -> bool"
def test_recursive_casting():
"""Tests that stl casters preserve lvalue/rvalue context for container values"""
assert m.cast_rv_vector() == ["rvalue", "rvalue"]
assert m.cast_lv_vector() == ["lvalue", "lvalue"]
assert m.cast_rv_array() == ["rvalue", "rvalue", "rvalue"]
assert m.cast_lv_array() == ["lvalue", "lvalue"]
assert m.cast_rv_map() == {"a": "rvalue"}
assert m.cast_lv_map() == {"a": "lvalue", "b": "lvalue"}
assert m.cast_rv_nested() == [[[{"b": "rvalue", "c": "rvalue"}], [{"a": "rvalue"}]]]
assert m.cast_lv_nested() == {
"a": [[["lvalue", "lvalue"]], [["lvalue", "lvalue"]]],
"b": [[["lvalue", "lvalue"], ["lvalue", "lvalue"]]]
}
# Issue #853 test case:
z = m.cast_unique_ptr_vector()
assert z[0].value == 7 and z[1].value == 42
def test_move_out_container():
"""Properties use the `reference_internal` policy by default. If the underlying function
returns an rvalue, the policy is automatically changed to `move` to avoid referencing
a temporary. In case the return value is a container of user-defined types, the policy
also needs to be applied to the elements, not just the container."""
c = m.MoveOutContainer()
moved_out_list = c.move_list
assert [x.value for x in moved_out_list] == [0, 1, 2]
@pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(m, "has_optional"), reason='no <optional>')
def test_optional():
assert m.double_or_zero(None) == 0
assert m.double_or_zero(42) == 84
pytest.raises(TypeError, m.double_or_zero, 'foo')
assert m.half_or_none(0) is None
assert m.half_or_none(42) == 21
pytest.raises(TypeError, m.half_or_none, 'foo')
assert m.test_nullopt() == 42
assert m.test_nullopt(None) == 42
assert m.test_nullopt(42) == 42
assert m.test_nullopt(43) == 43
assert m.test_no_assign() == 42
assert m.test_no_assign(None) == 42
assert m.test_no_assign(m.NoAssign(43)) == 43
pytest.raises(TypeError, m.test_no_assign, 43)
assert m.nodefer_none_optional(None)
@pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(m, "has_exp_optional"), reason='no <experimental/optional>')
def test_exp_optional():
assert m.double_or_zero_exp(None) == 0
assert m.double_or_zero_exp(42) == 84
pytest.raises(TypeError, m.double_or_zero_exp, 'foo')
assert m.half_or_none_exp(0) is None
assert m.half_or_none_exp(42) == 21
pytest.raises(TypeError, m.half_or_none_exp, 'foo')
assert m.test_nullopt_exp() == 42
assert m.test_nullopt_exp(None) == 42
assert m.test_nullopt_exp(42) == 42
assert m.test_nullopt_exp(43) == 43
assert m.test_no_assign_exp() == 42
assert m.test_no_assign_exp(None) == 42
assert m.test_no_assign_exp(m.NoAssign(43)) == 43
pytest.raises(TypeError, m.test_no_assign_exp, 43)
@pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(m, "load_variant"), reason='no <variant>')
def test_variant(doc):
assert m.load_variant(1) == "int"
assert m.load_variant("1") == "std::string"
assert m.load_variant(1.0) == "double"
assert m.load_variant(None) == "std::nullptr_t"
assert m.load_variant_2pass(1) == "int"
assert m.load_variant_2pass(1.0) == "double"
assert m.cast_variant() == (5, "Hello")
assert doc(m.load_variant) == "load_variant(arg0: Union[int, str, float, None]) -> str"
def test_vec_of_reference_wrapper():
"""#171: Can't return reference wrappers (or STL structures containing them)"""
assert str(m.return_vec_of_reference_wrapper(UserType(4))) == \
"[UserType(1), UserType(2), UserType(3), UserType(4)]"
def test_stl_pass_by_pointer(msg):
"""Passing nullptr or None to an STL container pointer is not expected to work"""
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.stl_pass_by_pointer() # default value is `nullptr`
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
stl_pass_by_pointer(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (v: List[int] = None) -> List[int]
Invoked with:
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
m.stl_pass_by_pointer(None)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
stl_pass_by_pointer(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
1. (v: List[int] = None) -> List[int]
Invoked with: None
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
assert m.stl_pass_by_pointer([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
def test_missing_header_message():
"""Trying convert `list` to a `std::vector`, or vice versa, without including
<pybind11/stl.h> should result in a helpful suggestion in the error message"""
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
expected_message = ("Did you forget to `#include <pybind11/stl.h>`? Or <pybind11/complex.h>,\n"
"<pybind11/functional.h>, <pybind11/chrono.h>, etc. Some automatic\n"
"conversions are optional and require extra headers to be included\n"
"when compiling your pybind11 module.")
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
cm.missing_header_arg([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
assert expected_message in str(excinfo.value)
with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
cm.missing_header_return()
assert expected_message in str(excinfo.value)
def test_function_with_string_and_vector_string_arg():
"""Check if a string is NOT implicitly converted to a list, which was the
behavior before fix of issue #1258"""
assert m.func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload(('A', 'B', )) == 2
assert m.func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload(['A', 'B']) == 2
assert m.func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload('A') == 3
def test_stl_ownership():
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.Placeholder)
assert cstats.alive() == 0
r = m.test_stl_ownership()
assert len(r) == 1
del r
assert cstats.alive() == 0
def test_array_cast_sequence():
assert m.array_cast_sequence((1, 2, 3)) == [1, 2, 3]
def test_issue_1561():
""" check fix for issue #1561 """
bar = m.Issue1561Outer()
bar.list = [m.Issue1561Inner('bar')]
bar.list
assert bar.list[0].data == 'bar'

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/*
tests/test_stl_binders.cpp -- Usage of stl_binders functions
Copyright (c) 2016 Sergey Lyskov
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/stl_bind.h>
#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
#include <map>
#include <deque>
#include <unordered_map>
class El {
public:
El() = delete;
El(int v) : a(v) { }
int a;
};
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream &s, El const&v) {
s << "El{" << v.a << '}';
return s;
}
/// Issue #487: binding std::vector<E> with E non-copyable
class E_nc {
public:
explicit E_nc(int i) : value{i} {}
E_nc(const E_nc &) = delete;
E_nc &operator=(const E_nc &) = delete;
E_nc(E_nc &&) = default;
E_nc &operator=(E_nc &&) = default;
int value;
};
template <class Container> Container *one_to_n(int n) {
auto v = new Container();
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
v->emplace_back(i);
return v;
}
template <class Map> Map *times_ten(int n) {
auto m = new Map();
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
m->emplace(int(i), E_nc(10*i));
return m;
}
TEST_SUBMODULE(stl_binders, m) {
// test_vector_int
py::bind_vector<std::vector<unsigned int>>(m, "VectorInt", py::buffer_protocol());
// test_vector_custom
py::class_<El>(m, "El")
.def(py::init<int>());
py::bind_vector<std::vector<El>>(m, "VectorEl");
py::bind_vector<std::vector<std::vector<El>>>(m, "VectorVectorEl");
// test_map_string_double
py::bind_map<std::map<std::string, double>>(m, "MapStringDouble");
py::bind_map<std::unordered_map<std::string, double>>(m, "UnorderedMapStringDouble");
// test_map_string_double_const
py::bind_map<std::map<std::string, double const>>(m, "MapStringDoubleConst");
py::bind_map<std::unordered_map<std::string, double const>>(m, "UnorderedMapStringDoubleConst");
py::class_<E_nc>(m, "ENC")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def_readwrite("value", &E_nc::value);
// test_noncopyable_containers
py::bind_vector<std::vector<E_nc>>(m, "VectorENC");
m.def("get_vnc", &one_to_n<std::vector<E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
py::bind_vector<std::deque<E_nc>>(m, "DequeENC");
m.def("get_dnc", &one_to_n<std::deque<E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
py::bind_map<std::map<int, E_nc>>(m, "MapENC");
m.def("get_mnc", &times_ten<std::map<int, E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
py::bind_map<std::unordered_map<int, E_nc>>(m, "UmapENC");
m.def("get_umnc", &times_ten<std::unordered_map<int, E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
// test_vector_buffer
py::bind_vector<std::vector<unsigned char>>(m, "VectorUChar", py::buffer_protocol());
// no dtype declared for this version:
struct VUndeclStruct { bool w; uint32_t x; double y; bool z; };
m.def("create_undeclstruct", [m] () mutable {
py::bind_vector<std::vector<VUndeclStruct>>(m, "VectorUndeclStruct", py::buffer_protocol());
});
// The rest depends on numpy:
try { py::module::import("numpy"); }
catch (...) { return; }
// test_vector_buffer_numpy
struct VStruct { bool w; uint32_t x; double y; bool z; };
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(VStruct, w, x, y, z);
py::class_<VStruct>(m, "VStruct").def_readwrite("x", &VStruct::x);
py::bind_vector<std::vector<VStruct>>(m, "VectorStruct", py::buffer_protocol());
m.def("get_vectorstruct", [] {return std::vector<VStruct> {{0, 5, 3.0, 1}, {1, 30, -1e4, 0}};});
}

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import pytest
import sys
from pybind11_tests import stl_binders as m
with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
import numpy as np
def test_vector_int():
v_int = m.VectorInt([0, 0])
assert len(v_int) == 2
assert bool(v_int) is True
# test construction from a generator
v_int1 = m.VectorInt(x for x in range(5))
assert v_int1 == m.VectorInt([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
v_int2 = m.VectorInt([0, 0])
assert v_int == v_int2
v_int2[1] = 1
assert v_int != v_int2
v_int2.append(2)
v_int2.insert(0, 1)
v_int2.insert(0, 2)
v_int2.insert(0, 3)
v_int2.insert(6, 3)
assert str(v_int2) == "VectorInt[3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3]"
with pytest.raises(IndexError):
v_int2.insert(8, 4)
v_int.append(99)
v_int2[2:-2] = v_int
assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([3, 2, 0, 0, 99, 2, 3])
del v_int2[1:3]
assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([3, 0, 99, 2, 3])
del v_int2[0]
assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3])
v_int2.extend(m.VectorInt([4, 5]))
assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3, 4, 5])
v_int2.extend([6, 7])
assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
# test error handling, and that the vector is unchanged
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
v_int2.extend([8, 'a'])
assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
# test extending from a generator
v_int2.extend(x for x in range(5))
assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
# related to the PyPy's buffer protocol.
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
def test_vector_buffer():
b = bytearray([1, 2, 3, 4])
v = m.VectorUChar(b)
assert v[1] == 2
v[2] = 5
mv = memoryview(v) # We expose the buffer interface
if sys.version_info.major > 2:
assert mv[2] == 5
mv[2] = 6
else:
assert mv[2] == '\x05'
mv[2] = '\x06'
assert v[2] == 6
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.create_undeclstruct() # Undeclared struct contents, no buffer interface
assert "NumPy type info missing for " in str(excinfo.value)
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
@pytest.requires_numpy
def test_vector_buffer_numpy():
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=np.int32)
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
m.VectorInt(a)
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]], dtype=np.uintc)
v = m.VectorInt(a[0, :])
assert len(v) == 4
assert v[2] == 3
ma = np.asarray(v)
ma[2] = 5
assert v[2] == 5
v = m.VectorInt(a[:, 1])
assert len(v) == 3
assert v[2] == 10
v = m.get_vectorstruct()
assert v[0].x == 5
ma = np.asarray(v)
ma[1]['x'] = 99
assert v[1].x == 99
v = m.VectorStruct(np.zeros(3, dtype=np.dtype([('w', 'bool'), ('x', 'I'),
('y', 'float64'), ('z', 'bool')], align=True)))
assert len(v) == 3
def test_vector_bool():
import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
vv_c = cm.VectorBool()
for i in range(10):
vv_c.append(i % 2 == 0)
for i in range(10):
assert vv_c[i] == (i % 2 == 0)
assert str(vv_c) == "VectorBool[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]"
def test_vector_custom():
v_a = m.VectorEl()
v_a.append(m.El(1))
v_a.append(m.El(2))
assert str(v_a) == "VectorEl[El{1}, El{2}]"
vv_a = m.VectorVectorEl()
vv_a.append(v_a)
vv_b = vv_a[0]
assert str(vv_b) == "VectorEl[El{1}, El{2}]"
def test_map_string_double():
mm = m.MapStringDouble()
mm['a'] = 1
mm['b'] = 2.5
assert list(mm) == ['a', 'b']
assert list(mm.items()) == [('a', 1), ('b', 2.5)]
assert str(mm) == "MapStringDouble{a: 1, b: 2.5}"
um = m.UnorderedMapStringDouble()
um['ua'] = 1.1
um['ub'] = 2.6
assert sorted(list(um)) == ['ua', 'ub']
assert sorted(list(um.items())) == [('ua', 1.1), ('ub', 2.6)]
assert "UnorderedMapStringDouble" in str(um)
def test_map_string_double_const():
mc = m.MapStringDoubleConst()
mc['a'] = 10
mc['b'] = 20.5
assert str(mc) == "MapStringDoubleConst{a: 10, b: 20.5}"
umc = m.UnorderedMapStringDoubleConst()
umc['a'] = 11
umc['b'] = 21.5
str(umc)
def test_noncopyable_containers():
# std::vector
vnc = m.get_vnc(5)
for i in range(0, 5):
assert vnc[i].value == i + 1
for i, j in enumerate(vnc, start=1):
assert j.value == i
# std::deque
dnc = m.get_dnc(5)
for i in range(0, 5):
assert dnc[i].value == i + 1
i = 1
for j in dnc:
assert(j.value == i)
i += 1
# std::map
mnc = m.get_mnc(5)
for i in range(1, 6):
assert mnc[i].value == 10 * i
vsum = 0
for k, v in mnc.items():
assert v.value == 10 * k
vsum += v.value
assert vsum == 150
# std::unordered_map
mnc = m.get_umnc(5)
for i in range(1, 6):
assert mnc[i].value == 10 * i
vsum = 0
for k, v in mnc.items():
assert v.value == 10 * k
vsum += v.value
assert vsum == 150
def test_map_delitem():
mm = m.MapStringDouble()
mm['a'] = 1
mm['b'] = 2.5
assert list(mm) == ['a', 'b']
assert list(mm.items()) == [('a', 1), ('b', 2.5)]
del mm['a']
assert list(mm) == ['b']
assert list(mm.items()) == [('b', 2.5)]
um = m.UnorderedMapStringDouble()
um['ua'] = 1.1
um['ub'] = 2.6
assert sorted(list(um)) == ['ua', 'ub']
assert sorted(list(um.items())) == [('ua', 1.1), ('ub', 2.6)]
del um['ua']
assert sorted(list(um)) == ['ub']
assert sorted(list(um.items())) == [('ub', 2.6)]

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/*
tests/test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp -- test of polymorphic_type_hook
Copyright (c) 2018 Hudson River Trading LLC <opensource@hudson-trading.com>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
struct Animal
{
enum class Kind {
Unknown = 0,
Dog = 100, Labrador, Chihuahua, LastDog = 199,
Cat = 200, Panther, LastCat = 299
};
static const std::type_info* type_of_kind(Kind kind);
static std::string name_of_kind(Kind kind);
const Kind kind;
const std::string name;
protected:
Animal(const std::string& _name, Kind _kind)
: kind(_kind), name(_name)
{}
};
struct Dog : Animal
{
Dog(const std::string& _name, Kind _kind = Kind::Dog) : Animal(_name, _kind) {}
std::string bark() const { return name_of_kind(kind) + " " + name + " goes " + sound; }
std::string sound = "WOOF!";
};
struct Labrador : Dog
{
Labrador(const std::string& _name, int _excitement = 9001)
: Dog(_name, Kind::Labrador), excitement(_excitement) {}
int excitement;
};
struct Chihuahua : Dog
{
Chihuahua(const std::string& _name) : Dog(_name, Kind::Chihuahua) { sound = "iyiyiyiyiyi"; }
std::string bark() const { return Dog::bark() + " and runs in circles"; }
};
struct Cat : Animal
{
Cat(const std::string& _name, Kind _kind = Kind::Cat) : Animal(_name, _kind) {}
std::string purr() const { return "mrowr"; }
};
struct Panther : Cat
{
Panther(const std::string& _name) : Cat(_name, Kind::Panther) {}
std::string purr() const { return "mrrrRRRRRR"; }
};
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Animal>> create_zoo()
{
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Animal>> ret;
ret.emplace_back(new Labrador("Fido", 15000));
// simulate some new type of Dog that the Python bindings
// haven't been updated for; it should still be considered
// a Dog, not just an Animal.
ret.emplace_back(new Dog("Ginger", Dog::Kind(150)));
ret.emplace_back(new Chihuahua("Hertzl"));
ret.emplace_back(new Cat("Tiger", Cat::Kind::Cat));
ret.emplace_back(new Panther("Leo"));
return ret;
}
const std::type_info* Animal::type_of_kind(Kind kind)
{
switch (kind) {
case Kind::Unknown: break;
case Kind::Dog: break;
case Kind::Labrador: return &typeid(Labrador);
case Kind::Chihuahua: return &typeid(Chihuahua);
case Kind::LastDog: break;
case Kind::Cat: break;
case Kind::Panther: return &typeid(Panther);
case Kind::LastCat: break;
}
if (kind >= Kind::Dog && kind <= Kind::LastDog) return &typeid(Dog);
if (kind >= Kind::Cat && kind <= Kind::LastCat) return &typeid(Cat);
return nullptr;
}
std::string Animal::name_of_kind(Kind kind)
{
std::string raw_name = type_of_kind(kind)->name();
py::detail::clean_type_id(raw_name);
return raw_name;
}
namespace pybind11 {
template <typename itype>
struct polymorphic_type_hook<itype, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<Animal, itype>::value>>
{
static const void *get(const itype *src, const std::type_info*& type)
{ type = src ? Animal::type_of_kind(src->kind) : nullptr; return src; }
};
}
TEST_SUBMODULE(tagbased_polymorphic, m) {
py::class_<Animal>(m, "Animal")
.def_readonly("name", &Animal::name);
py::class_<Dog, Animal>(m, "Dog")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def_readwrite("sound", &Dog::sound)
.def("bark", &Dog::bark);
py::class_<Labrador, Dog>(m, "Labrador")
.def(py::init<std::string, int>(), "name"_a, "excitement"_a = 9001)
.def_readwrite("excitement", &Labrador::excitement);
py::class_<Chihuahua, Dog>(m, "Chihuahua")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def("bark", &Chihuahua::bark);
py::class_<Cat, Animal>(m, "Cat")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def("purr", &Cat::purr);
py::class_<Panther, Cat>(m, "Panther")
.def(py::init<std::string>())
.def("purr", &Panther::purr);
m.def("create_zoo", &create_zoo);
};

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from pybind11_tests import tagbased_polymorphic as m
def test_downcast():
zoo = m.create_zoo()
assert [type(animal) for animal in zoo] == [
m.Labrador, m.Dog, m.Chihuahua, m.Cat, m.Panther
]
assert [animal.name for animal in zoo] == [
"Fido", "Ginger", "Hertzl", "Tiger", "Leo"
]
zoo[1].sound = "woooooo"
assert [dog.bark() for dog in zoo[:3]] == [
"Labrador Fido goes WOOF!",
"Dog Ginger goes woooooo",
"Chihuahua Hertzl goes iyiyiyiyiyi and runs in circles"
]
assert [cat.purr() for cat in zoo[3:]] == ["mrowr", "mrrrRRRRRR"]
zoo[0].excitement -= 1000
assert zoo[0].excitement == 14000

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/*
tests/test_class.cpp -- test py::class_ definitions and basic functionality
Copyright (c) 2019 Roland Dreier <roland.dreier@gmail.com>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(union_, m) {
union TestUnion {
int value_int;
unsigned value_uint;
};
py::class_<TestUnion>(m, "TestUnion")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("as_int", &TestUnion::value_int)
.def_readwrite("as_uint", &TestUnion::value_uint);
}

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from pybind11_tests import union_ as m
def test_union():
instance = m.TestUnion()
instance.as_uint = 10
assert instance.as_int == 10

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/*
tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp -- overriding virtual functions from Python
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include <pybind11/functional.h>
#include <thread>
/* This is an example class that we'll want to be able to extend from Python */
class ExampleVirt {
public:
ExampleVirt(int state) : state(state) { print_created(this, state); }
ExampleVirt(const ExampleVirt &e) : state(e.state) { print_copy_created(this); }
ExampleVirt(ExampleVirt &&e) : state(e.state) { print_move_created(this); e.state = 0; }
virtual ~ExampleVirt() { print_destroyed(this); }
virtual int run(int value) {
py::print("Original implementation of "
"ExampleVirt::run(state={}, value={}, str1={}, str2={})"_s.format(state, value, get_string1(), *get_string2()));
return state + value;
}
virtual bool run_bool() = 0;
virtual void pure_virtual() = 0;
// Returning a reference/pointer to a type converted from python (numbers, strings, etc.) is a
// bit trickier, because the actual int& or std::string& or whatever only exists temporarily, so
// we have to handle it specially in the trampoline class (see below).
virtual const std::string &get_string1() { return str1; }
virtual const std::string *get_string2() { return &str2; }
private:
int state;
const std::string str1{"default1"}, str2{"default2"};
};
/* This is a wrapper class that must be generated */
class PyExampleVirt : public ExampleVirt {
public:
using ExampleVirt::ExampleVirt; /* Inherit constructors */
int run(int value) override {
/* Generate wrapping code that enables native function overloading */
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(
int, /* Return type */
ExampleVirt, /* Parent class */
run, /* Name of function */
value /* Argument(s) */
);
}
bool run_bool() override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(
bool, /* Return type */
ExampleVirt, /* Parent class */
run_bool, /* Name of function */
/* This function has no arguments. The trailing comma
in the previous line is needed for some compilers */
);
}
void pure_virtual() override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(
void, /* Return type */
ExampleVirt, /* Parent class */
pure_virtual, /* Name of function */
/* This function has no arguments. The trailing comma
in the previous line is needed for some compilers */
);
}
// We can return reference types for compatibility with C++ virtual interfaces that do so, but
// note they have some significant limitations (see the documentation).
const std::string &get_string1() override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(
const std::string &, /* Return type */
ExampleVirt, /* Parent class */
get_string1, /* Name of function */
/* (no arguments) */
);
}
const std::string *get_string2() override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(
const std::string *, /* Return type */
ExampleVirt, /* Parent class */
get_string2, /* Name of function */
/* (no arguments) */
);
}
};
class NonCopyable {
public:
NonCopyable(int a, int b) : value{new int(a*b)} { print_created(this, a, b); }
NonCopyable(NonCopyable &&o) { value = std::move(o.value); print_move_created(this); }
NonCopyable(const NonCopyable &) = delete;
NonCopyable() = delete;
void operator=(const NonCopyable &) = delete;
void operator=(NonCopyable &&) = delete;
std::string get_value() const {
if (value) return std::to_string(*value); else return "(null)";
}
~NonCopyable() { print_destroyed(this); }
private:
std::unique_ptr<int> value;
};
// This is like the above, but is both copy and movable. In effect this means it should get moved
// when it is not referenced elsewhere, but copied if it is still referenced.
class Movable {
public:
Movable(int a, int b) : value{a+b} { print_created(this, a, b); }
Movable(const Movable &m) { value = m.value; print_copy_created(this); }
Movable(Movable &&m) { value = std::move(m.value); print_move_created(this); }
std::string get_value() const { return std::to_string(value); }
~Movable() { print_destroyed(this); }
private:
int value;
};
class NCVirt {
public:
virtual ~NCVirt() { }
virtual NonCopyable get_noncopyable(int a, int b) { return NonCopyable(a, b); }
virtual Movable get_movable(int a, int b) = 0;
std::string print_nc(int a, int b) { return get_noncopyable(a, b).get_value(); }
std::string print_movable(int a, int b) { return get_movable(a, b).get_value(); }
};
class NCVirtTrampoline : public NCVirt {
#if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
NonCopyable get_noncopyable(int a, int b) override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(NonCopyable, NCVirt, get_noncopyable, a, b);
}
#endif
Movable get_movable(int a, int b) override {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(Movable, NCVirt, get_movable, a, b);
}
};
struct Base {
/* for some reason MSVC2015 can't compile this if the function is pure virtual */
virtual std::string dispatch() const { return {}; };
virtual ~Base() = default;
};
struct DispatchIssue : Base {
virtual std::string dispatch() const {
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(std::string, Base, dispatch, /* no arguments */);
}
};
static void test_gil() {
{
py::gil_scoped_acquire lock;
py::print("1st lock acquired");
}
{
py::gil_scoped_acquire lock;
py::print("2nd lock acquired");
}
}
static void test_gil_from_thread() {
py::gil_scoped_release release;
std::thread t(test_gil);
t.join();
}
// Forward declaration (so that we can put the main tests here; the inherited virtual approaches are
// rather long).
void initialize_inherited_virtuals(py::module &m);
TEST_SUBMODULE(virtual_functions, m) {
// test_override
py::class_<ExampleVirt, PyExampleVirt>(m, "ExampleVirt")
.def(py::init<int>())
/* Reference original class in function definitions */
.def("run", &ExampleVirt::run)
.def("run_bool", &ExampleVirt::run_bool)
.def("pure_virtual", &ExampleVirt::pure_virtual);
py::class_<NonCopyable>(m, "NonCopyable")
.def(py::init<int, int>());
py::class_<Movable>(m, "Movable")
.def(py::init<int, int>());
// test_move_support
#if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
py::class_<NCVirt, NCVirtTrampoline>(m, "NCVirt")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("get_noncopyable", &NCVirt::get_noncopyable)
.def("get_movable", &NCVirt::get_movable)
.def("print_nc", &NCVirt::print_nc)
.def("print_movable", &NCVirt::print_movable);
#endif
m.def("runExampleVirt", [](ExampleVirt *ex, int value) { return ex->run(value); });
m.def("runExampleVirtBool", [](ExampleVirt* ex) { return ex->run_bool(); });
m.def("runExampleVirtVirtual", [](ExampleVirt *ex) { ex->pure_virtual(); });
m.def("cstats_debug", &ConstructorStats::get<ExampleVirt>);
initialize_inherited_virtuals(m);
// test_alias_delay_initialization1
// don't invoke Python dispatch classes by default when instantiating C++ classes
// that were not extended on the Python side
struct A {
virtual ~A() {}
virtual void f() { py::print("A.f()"); }
};
struct PyA : A {
PyA() { py::print("PyA.PyA()"); }
~PyA() { py::print("PyA.~PyA()"); }
void f() override {
py::print("PyA.f()");
// This convolution just gives a `void`, but tests that PYBIND11_TYPE() works to protect
// a type containing a ,
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(PYBIND11_TYPE(typename std::enable_if<true, void>::type), A, f);
}
};
py::class_<A, PyA>(m, "A")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("f", &A::f);
m.def("call_f", [](A *a) { a->f(); });
// test_alias_delay_initialization2
// ... unless we explicitly request it, as in this example:
struct A2 {
virtual ~A2() {}
virtual void f() { py::print("A2.f()"); }
};
struct PyA2 : A2 {
PyA2() { py::print("PyA2.PyA2()"); }
~PyA2() { py::print("PyA2.~PyA2()"); }
void f() override {
py::print("PyA2.f()");
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(void, A2, f);
}
};
py::class_<A2, PyA2>(m, "A2")
.def(py::init_alias<>())
.def(py::init([](int) { return new PyA2(); }))
.def("f", &A2::f);
m.def("call_f", [](A2 *a2) { a2->f(); });
// test_dispatch_issue
// #159: virtual function dispatch has problems with similar-named functions
py::class_<Base, DispatchIssue>(m, "DispatchIssue")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("dispatch", &Base::dispatch);
m.def("dispatch_issue_go", [](const Base * b) { return b->dispatch(); });
// test_override_ref
// #392/397: overriding reference-returning functions
class OverrideTest {
public:
struct A { std::string value = "hi"; };
std::string v;
A a;
explicit OverrideTest(const std::string &v) : v{v} {}
virtual std::string str_value() { return v; }
virtual std::string &str_ref() { return v; }
virtual A A_value() { return a; }
virtual A &A_ref() { return a; }
virtual ~OverrideTest() = default;
};
class PyOverrideTest : public OverrideTest {
public:
using OverrideTest::OverrideTest;
std::string str_value() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, OverrideTest, str_value); }
// Not allowed (uncommenting should hit a static_assert failure): we can't get a reference
// to a python numeric value, since we only copy values in the numeric type caster:
// std::string &str_ref() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string &, OverrideTest, str_ref); }
// But we can work around it like this:
private:
std::string _tmp;
std::string str_ref_helper() { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, OverrideTest, str_ref); }
public:
std::string &str_ref() override { return _tmp = str_ref_helper(); }
A A_value() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(A, OverrideTest, A_value); }
A &A_ref() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(A &, OverrideTest, A_ref); }
};
py::class_<OverrideTest::A>(m, "OverrideTest_A")
.def_readwrite("value", &OverrideTest::A::value);
py::class_<OverrideTest, PyOverrideTest>(m, "OverrideTest")
.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
.def("str_value", &OverrideTest::str_value)
// .def("str_ref", &OverrideTest::str_ref)
.def("A_value", &OverrideTest::A_value)
.def("A_ref", &OverrideTest::A_ref);
}
// Inheriting virtual methods. We do two versions here: the repeat-everything version and the
// templated trampoline versions mentioned in docs/advanced.rst.
//
// These base classes are exactly the same, but we technically need distinct
// classes for this example code because we need to be able to bind them
// properly (pybind11, sensibly, doesn't allow us to bind the same C++ class to
// multiple python classes).
class A_Repeat {
#define A_METHODS \
public: \
virtual int unlucky_number() = 0; \
virtual std::string say_something(unsigned times) { \
std::string s = ""; \
for (unsigned i = 0; i < times; ++i) \
s += "hi"; \
return s; \
} \
std::string say_everything() { \
return say_something(1) + " " + std::to_string(unlucky_number()); \
}
A_METHODS
virtual ~A_Repeat() = default;
};
class B_Repeat : public A_Repeat {
#define B_METHODS \
public: \
int unlucky_number() override { return 13; } \
std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { \
return "B says hi " + std::to_string(times) + " times"; \
} \
virtual double lucky_number() { return 7.0; }
B_METHODS
};
class C_Repeat : public B_Repeat {
#define C_METHODS \
public: \
int unlucky_number() override { return 4444; } \
double lucky_number() override { return 888; }
C_METHODS
};
class D_Repeat : public C_Repeat {
#define D_METHODS // Nothing overridden.
D_METHODS
};
// Base classes for templated inheritance trampolines. Identical to the repeat-everything version:
class A_Tpl { A_METHODS; virtual ~A_Tpl() = default; };
class B_Tpl : public A_Tpl { B_METHODS };
class C_Tpl : public B_Tpl { C_METHODS };
class D_Tpl : public C_Tpl { D_METHODS };
// Inheritance approach 1: each trampoline gets every virtual method (11 in total)
class PyA_Repeat : public A_Repeat {
public:
using A_Repeat::A_Repeat;
int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(int, A_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, A_Repeat, say_something, times); }
};
class PyB_Repeat : public B_Repeat {
public:
using B_Repeat::B_Repeat;
int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, B_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, B_Repeat, say_something, times); }
double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, B_Repeat, lucky_number, ); }
};
class PyC_Repeat : public C_Repeat {
public:
using C_Repeat::C_Repeat;
int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, C_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, C_Repeat, say_something, times); }
double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, C_Repeat, lucky_number, ); }
};
class PyD_Repeat : public D_Repeat {
public:
using D_Repeat::D_Repeat;
int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, D_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, D_Repeat, say_something, times); }
double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, D_Repeat, lucky_number, ); }
};
// Inheritance approach 2: templated trampoline classes.
//
// Advantages:
// - we have only 2 (template) class and 4 method declarations (one per virtual method, plus one for
// any override of a pure virtual method), versus 4 classes and 6 methods (MI) or 4 classes and 11
// methods (repeat).
// - Compared to MI, we also don't have to change the non-trampoline inheritance to virtual, and can
// properly inherit constructors.
//
// Disadvantage:
// - the compiler must still generate and compile 14 different methods (more, even, than the 11
// required for the repeat approach) instead of the 6 required for MI. (If there was no pure
// method (or no pure method override), the number would drop down to the same 11 as the repeat
// approach).
template <class Base = A_Tpl>
class PyA_Tpl : public Base {
public:
using Base::Base; // Inherit constructors
int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(int, Base, unlucky_number, ); }
std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, Base, say_something, times); }
};
template <class Base = B_Tpl>
class PyB_Tpl : public PyA_Tpl<Base> {
public:
using PyA_Tpl<Base>::PyA_Tpl; // Inherit constructors (via PyA_Tpl's inherited constructors)
int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, Base, unlucky_number, ); }
double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, Base, lucky_number, ); }
};
// Since C_Tpl and D_Tpl don't declare any new virtual methods, we don't actually need these (we can
// use PyB_Tpl<C_Tpl> and PyB_Tpl<D_Tpl> for the trampoline classes instead):
/*
template <class Base = C_Tpl> class PyC_Tpl : public PyB_Tpl<Base> {
public:
using PyB_Tpl<Base>::PyB_Tpl;
};
template <class Base = D_Tpl> class PyD_Tpl : public PyC_Tpl<Base> {
public:
using PyC_Tpl<Base>::PyC_Tpl;
};
*/
void initialize_inherited_virtuals(py::module &m) {
// test_inherited_virtuals
// Method 1: repeat
py::class_<A_Repeat, PyA_Repeat>(m, "A_Repeat")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("unlucky_number", &A_Repeat::unlucky_number)
.def("say_something", &A_Repeat::say_something)
.def("say_everything", &A_Repeat::say_everything);
py::class_<B_Repeat, A_Repeat, PyB_Repeat>(m, "B_Repeat")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("lucky_number", &B_Repeat::lucky_number);
py::class_<C_Repeat, B_Repeat, PyC_Repeat>(m, "C_Repeat")
.def(py::init<>());
py::class_<D_Repeat, C_Repeat, PyD_Repeat>(m, "D_Repeat")
.def(py::init<>());
// test_
// Method 2: Templated trampolines
py::class_<A_Tpl, PyA_Tpl<>>(m, "A_Tpl")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("unlucky_number", &A_Tpl::unlucky_number)
.def("say_something", &A_Tpl::say_something)
.def("say_everything", &A_Tpl::say_everything);
py::class_<B_Tpl, A_Tpl, PyB_Tpl<>>(m, "B_Tpl")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("lucky_number", &B_Tpl::lucky_number);
py::class_<C_Tpl, B_Tpl, PyB_Tpl<C_Tpl>>(m, "C_Tpl")
.def(py::init<>());
py::class_<D_Tpl, C_Tpl, PyB_Tpl<D_Tpl>>(m, "D_Tpl")
.def(py::init<>());
// Fix issue #1454 (crash when acquiring/releasing GIL on another thread in Python 2.7)
m.def("test_gil", &test_gil);
m.def("test_gil_from_thread", &test_gil_from_thread);
};

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import pytest
from pybind11_tests import virtual_functions as m
from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
def test_override(capture, msg):
class ExtendedExampleVirt(m.ExampleVirt):
def __init__(self, state):
super(ExtendedExampleVirt, self).__init__(state + 1)
self.data = "Hello world"
def run(self, value):
print('ExtendedExampleVirt::run(%i), calling parent..' % value)
return super(ExtendedExampleVirt, self).run(value + 1)
def run_bool(self):
print('ExtendedExampleVirt::run_bool()')
return False
def get_string1(self):
return "override1"
def pure_virtual(self):
print('ExtendedExampleVirt::pure_virtual(): %s' % self.data)
class ExtendedExampleVirt2(ExtendedExampleVirt):
def __init__(self, state):
super(ExtendedExampleVirt2, self).__init__(state + 1)
def get_string2(self):
return "override2"
ex12 = m.ExampleVirt(10)
with capture:
assert m.runExampleVirt(ex12, 20) == 30
assert capture == """
Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=10, value=20, str1=default1, str2=default2)
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
m.runExampleVirtVirtual(ex12)
assert msg(excinfo.value) == 'Tried to call pure virtual function "ExampleVirt::pure_virtual"'
ex12p = ExtendedExampleVirt(10)
with capture:
assert m.runExampleVirt(ex12p, 20) == 32
assert capture == """
ExtendedExampleVirt::run(20), calling parent..
Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=11, value=21, str1=override1, str2=default2)
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
with capture:
assert m.runExampleVirtBool(ex12p) is False
assert capture == "ExtendedExampleVirt::run_bool()"
with capture:
m.runExampleVirtVirtual(ex12p)
assert capture == "ExtendedExampleVirt::pure_virtual(): Hello world"
ex12p2 = ExtendedExampleVirt2(15)
with capture:
assert m.runExampleVirt(ex12p2, 50) == 68
assert capture == """
ExtendedExampleVirt::run(50), calling parent..
Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=17, value=51, str1=override1, str2=override2)
""" # noqa: E501 line too long
cstats = ConstructorStats.get(m.ExampleVirt)
assert cstats.alive() == 3
del ex12, ex12p, ex12p2
assert cstats.alive() == 0
assert cstats.values() == ['10', '11', '17']
assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0
def test_alias_delay_initialization1(capture):
"""`A` only initializes its trampoline class when we inherit from it
If we just create and use an A instance directly, the trampoline initialization is
bypassed and we only initialize an A() instead (for performance reasons).
"""
class B(m.A):
def __init__(self):
super(B, self).__init__()
def f(self):
print("In python f()")
# C++ version
with capture:
a = m.A()
m.call_f(a)
del a
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == "A.f()"
# Python version
with capture:
b = B()
m.call_f(b)
del b
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == """
PyA.PyA()
PyA.f()
In python f()
PyA.~PyA()
"""
def test_alias_delay_initialization2(capture):
"""`A2`, unlike the above, is configured to always initialize the alias
While the extra initialization and extra class layer has small virtual dispatch
performance penalty, it also allows us to do more things with the trampoline
class such as defining local variables and performing construction/destruction.
"""
class B2(m.A2):
def __init__(self):
super(B2, self).__init__()
def f(self):
print("In python B2.f()")
# No python subclass version
with capture:
a2 = m.A2()
m.call_f(a2)
del a2
pytest.gc_collect()
a3 = m.A2(1)
m.call_f(a3)
del a3
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == """
PyA2.PyA2()
PyA2.f()
A2.f()
PyA2.~PyA2()
PyA2.PyA2()
PyA2.f()
A2.f()
PyA2.~PyA2()
"""
# Python subclass version
with capture:
b2 = B2()
m.call_f(b2)
del b2
pytest.gc_collect()
assert capture == """
PyA2.PyA2()
PyA2.f()
In python B2.f()
PyA2.~PyA2()
"""
# PyPy: Reference count > 1 causes call with noncopyable instance
# to fail in ncv1.print_nc()
@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
@pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(m, "NCVirt"), reason="NCVirt test broken on ICPC")
def test_move_support():
class NCVirtExt(m.NCVirt):
def get_noncopyable(self, a, b):
# Constructs and returns a new instance:
nc = m.NonCopyable(a * a, b * b)
return nc
def get_movable(self, a, b):
# Return a referenced copy
self.movable = m.Movable(a, b)
return self.movable
class NCVirtExt2(m.NCVirt):
def get_noncopyable(self, a, b):
# Keep a reference: this is going to throw an exception
self.nc = m.NonCopyable(a, b)
return self.nc
def get_movable(self, a, b):
# Return a new instance without storing it
return m.Movable(a, b)
ncv1 = NCVirtExt()
assert ncv1.print_nc(2, 3) == "36"
assert ncv1.print_movable(4, 5) == "9"
ncv2 = NCVirtExt2()
assert ncv2.print_movable(7, 7) == "14"
# Don't check the exception message here because it differs under debug/non-debug mode
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
ncv2.print_nc(9, 9)
nc_stats = ConstructorStats.get(m.NonCopyable)
mv_stats = ConstructorStats.get(m.Movable)
assert nc_stats.alive() == 1
assert mv_stats.alive() == 1
del ncv1, ncv2
assert nc_stats.alive() == 0
assert mv_stats.alive() == 0
assert nc_stats.values() == ['4', '9', '9', '9']
assert mv_stats.values() == ['4', '5', '7', '7']
assert nc_stats.copy_constructions == 0
assert mv_stats.copy_constructions == 1
assert nc_stats.move_constructions >= 0
assert mv_stats.move_constructions >= 0
def test_dispatch_issue(msg):
"""#159: virtual function dispatch has problems with similar-named functions"""
class PyClass1(m.DispatchIssue):
def dispatch(self):
return "Yay.."
class PyClass2(m.DispatchIssue):
def dispatch(self):
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
super(PyClass2, self).dispatch()
assert msg(excinfo.value) == 'Tried to call pure virtual function "Base::dispatch"'
p = PyClass1()
return m.dispatch_issue_go(p)
b = PyClass2()
assert m.dispatch_issue_go(b) == "Yay.."
def test_override_ref():
"""#392/397: overriding reference-returning functions"""
o = m.OverrideTest("asdf")
# Not allowed (see associated .cpp comment)
# i = o.str_ref()
# assert o.str_ref() == "asdf"
assert o.str_value() == "asdf"
assert o.A_value().value == "hi"
a = o.A_ref()
assert a.value == "hi"
a.value = "bye"
assert a.value == "bye"
def test_inherited_virtuals():
class AR(m.A_Repeat):
def unlucky_number(self):
return 99
class AT(m.A_Tpl):
def unlucky_number(self):
return 999
obj = AR()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "hihihi"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 99
assert obj.say_everything() == "hi 99"
obj = AT()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "hihihi"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 999
assert obj.say_everything() == "hi 999"
for obj in [m.B_Repeat(), m.B_Tpl()]:
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 13
assert obj.lucky_number() == 7.0
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 13"
for obj in [m.C_Repeat(), m.C_Tpl()]:
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
assert obj.lucky_number() == 888.0
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
class CR(m.C_Repeat):
def lucky_number(self):
return m.C_Repeat.lucky_number(self) + 1.25
obj = CR()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
assert obj.lucky_number() == 889.25
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
class CT(m.C_Tpl):
pass
obj = CT()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
assert obj.lucky_number() == 888.0
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
class CCR(CR):
def lucky_number(self):
return CR.lucky_number(self) * 10
obj = CCR()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
assert obj.lucky_number() == 8892.5
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
class CCT(CT):
def lucky_number(self):
return CT.lucky_number(self) * 1000
obj = CCT()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
assert obj.lucky_number() == 888000.0
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
class DR(m.D_Repeat):
def unlucky_number(self):
return 123
def lucky_number(self):
return 42.0
for obj in [m.D_Repeat(), m.D_Tpl()]:
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
assert obj.lucky_number() == 888.0
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
obj = DR()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 123
assert obj.lucky_number() == 42.0
assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 123"
class DT(m.D_Tpl):
def say_something(self, times):
return "DT says:" + (' quack' * times)
def unlucky_number(self):
return 1234
def lucky_number(self):
return -4.25
obj = DT()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "DT says: quack quack quack"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == 1234
assert obj.lucky_number() == -4.25
assert obj.say_everything() == "DT says: quack 1234"
class DT2(DT):
def say_something(self, times):
return "DT2: " + ('QUACK' * times)
def unlucky_number(self):
return -3
class BT(m.B_Tpl):
def say_something(self, times):
return "BT" * times
def unlucky_number(self):
return -7
def lucky_number(self):
return -1.375
obj = BT()
assert obj.say_something(3) == "BTBTBT"
assert obj.unlucky_number() == -7
assert obj.lucky_number() == -1.375
assert obj.say_everything() == "BT -7"
def test_issue_1454():
# Fix issue #1454 (crash when acquiring/releasing GIL on another thread in Python 2.7)
m.test_gil()
m.test_gil_from_thread()